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is the process of removing portions of an image to create focus or strengthen the composition.

commands let you rotate or flip an entire image.

can exhibit different types of defects at certain focal lengths, f-stops, and focus distances.

causes straight lines to appear to bow outward.

is caused by the failure of the lens to focus different colors to the same spot.

lets you adjust points throughout the tonal range of an image (from shadows to highlights).

occurs when an object is photographed from an angle rather than from a straight-on view.

illustrates how pixels in an image are distributed by graphing the number of pixels at each color intensity level.

causes the edges, especially the corners, of an image to be darker than the center.

causes straight lines to appear to bend inward.

corrects the tonal range and color balance of an image by adjusting intensity levels of image shadows, midtones, and highlights.