Stuttering

Complex and mysterious

Characterized by an abnormally high frequency and/or duration of stoppages in the forward flow of speech

Affects the fluency of speech

Orton-Travis theory of stuttering: Stuttering is a disorder of brain organization

Covert Repair hypothesis: Explains language production point of view

Multifactorial Dynamic View:To determine which factors interact when stuttering and how they interact

Diagnosogenic View: When parents mistakenly diagnose stuttering

Capacities and Demands View: Hypothesizes that almost any developmental or environmental factor pressure may cause stuttering

Communicative Failure and Anticipatory Struggle theory: Hypothesizes that stuttering emerges from a child's experiences of frustration and failure when trying to talk

Sensory-Motor Modeling: Hypothesizes that individuals who stutter have less bidirectional fiber tracts between sensory and motor areas

Behavioral Inhibition System: Hypothesizes that when an individual experiences frustration or fear, their innate response is freezing, flight or avoidance

Stutterer may limit themselves

At work

In social situations

In school

Frustration

Embarrasment

Surprise

Fear

Physical tension or struggle

Secondary behaviors

Escape behaviors: When a speaker is stuttering and attempts to terminate the stutter and finish the word

Interjections of extra sounds such as "uh"

Head nods

Eye blinks

Avoidance behaviors: Anticipated and recalls negative experiences had when stuttering

Changing the word wanted to say

Eye blinks

Interjections such as "uh"

Reduced verbal output

Core behaviors

Repetitions: A sound, syllable, or single syllable word that is repeated several times

Prolongations: Sound or airflow continuation but movement of the articulators is stopped

Blocks: "blockages" of airflow or voicing of speech