The background to CLT

Building up a large repertoire of sentences and grammatical patterns.

Memorization of dialogs

Question and answer practice

Substitution drills

Audiolingualism

Students first hear a model dialog

They repeat each line of the dialog, individually and in chorus

The dialog is adapted to the students’ interest or situation

P-P-P

Presentation

The new grammar structure is presented, often by means of a conversation or short text.

Practice

Studentes practice using the new structure in a controlled context.

Production

Students practice using the new structure in different contexts.

A Skills-based syllabus

This focuses on the four skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking.

A functional syllabus

This is organized according to the functions the learner should be able to carry out in English

A notional syllabus

Was one based around the content and notions a learner would need to express.

Task syllabus

Specified the tasks and activities students should carry out in the classroom.

Attention shifted to the knowledge and skills needed to use grammar

In planning language courses within a communicative approach, grammar was no longer the starting point.

Aspects of language use in order to be able to develop the learner’s communicative competence.

Purposes

Setting

Role

Communicative events

Language functions

Notions

Discourse and Rhetorical skills

Grammatical Content

Lexical Content

To teach them the specific kinds of language and communicative skills needed for particular roles.

Differences in vocabulary choice

Differences in grammar

Differences in the kinds of texts commonly occurring

Differences in functions

Differences in the need for particular skills

The communication that is meaningful to the learner provides a better opportunity for learning than through a grammar-based approach

Make real communication the focus of language learning.

Be tolerant of learners’ errors

Provide opportunities for learners to develop both accuracy and fluency.

Link the different skills such as speaking, reading, and listening

Let students induce or discover grammar rules.