Thorax and Abdomen
Abdomen
Abdominal Viscera
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Function
filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as alcohol and drugs
Anatomy
Diaphragmatic
fits under the vault of the diaphragm which in front separates it on the right from the sixth to the tenth ribs and their cartilages, and on the left from the seventh and eighth costal
Visceral
posteroinferior surface that faces the abdominal organs and other adjacent structures
Lobes
Right
The largest lobe of the liver
Left
Smaller than the right lobe
Quadrate
Located on the inferior surface of the right lobe
Caudate
between the left and right lobes, and in an anterior and superior position
Vessels
Right hepatic vein
Located between the right anterior and right posterior sectors
Middle hepatic vein
Located between the right anterior sector and segment IV
Left hepatic vein
Located between the left medial and left lateral sectors
Hepatic portal vein
a vein conveying blood to the liver from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and intestines.
Nerves
Sympathetic nerves
Originate in the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia, which receive pre-ganglionic neurons from the spinal cord.
Parasympathetic nerves:
Originate in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve in the brainstem.
Gall Bladder
Spleen
Function
Stores and filters blood
Location
located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach and under the left ribs
Vessels
Splenic vein
carries blood from the spleen, pancreas, and part of the stomach to the liver
Splenic artery
supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen, stomach, and pancreas:
Nerves
Sympathetic
The celiac plexus provides sympathetic innervation to the spleen.
Parasympathetic
The vagus nerve (CN X) provides parasympathetic innervation to the spleen.
Pancreas
Function
Exocrine
secretion of digestive enzymes, ions and water into the duodenum
Endocrine
produce and release hormones that regulate blood sugar levels:
Parts
Head
Neck
Body
Tail
Ducts
Main pancreatic
drains pancreatic fluid from the pancreas, which contains digestive enzymes and fluids that help break down food.
Accessory pancreatic
secondary drainage system for the main pancreatic duct, which can help reduce pressure and prevent acute pancreatitis.
Vessels
Greater pancreatic artery
The largest blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the pancreas. It originates from the splenic artery.
Dorsal pancreatic artery
A branch of the splenic artery that supplies the pancreas. It runs along the posterior margin of the pancreas and divides into left and right branches.
Transverse pancreatic artery
Also known as the inferior pancreatic artery, it supplies the pancreatic tail and body. It originates from the proximal splenic artery.
superior mesenteric
A major blood vessel in the digestive system that supplies oxygenated blood to the pancreas and the lower parts of the intestine.
gastroduodenal
A small vessel that supplies blood to the head of the pancreas, the pylorus, and the proximal part of the duodenum.
Nerves
The pancreas receives involuntary innervation via the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Its parasympathetic innervation originates from the vagus nerve (CN X)
sympathetic innervation from the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves (T5-T12).
Kidney
Function
remove waste products from the blood and produce urine. control blood pressure.
Parts
Renal hilum
Renal pelvis
Renal pyramids
Major Calyces
Minor Calyces
Vessels
Renal arteries
supply oxygenated blood to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters
Renal veins
carry filtered blood from the kidneys to the heart:
Nerves
Efferent
regulate renal function, including sodium reabsorption, glomerular filtration, and renin release.
These nerves are sympathetic and originate from the neuraxis.
Afferent
These nerves travel from the kidney to the dorsal root ganglia along the spinal cord. The least splanchnic nerve is the primary afferent signaling nerve from the kidney to the brain.
Glands
Produce hormones that control many important body functions, including blood pressure, blood sugar, metabolism, and the body's response to stress
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Fasica
Psoas
The psoas fascia is a thick layer of connective tissue that covers the psoas major muscle in the posterior abdominal wall:
Thoracolumbar
The TLF has three layers: anterior, middle, and posterior. The posterior layer extends from the neck to the loin, while the anterior and middle layers are limited to the lumbar region.
The TLF spans the length of the back, from the neck to the sacrum. It's most developed in the lumbar region.
Nerves
The nerves of the posterior abdominal wall primarily originate from the lumbar plexus
L1-L4 spinal nerves and sometimes includes T12
Muscles
Psoas major
T12–L5.
Hip flexion and external rotation
Iliacus
flexes and rotates the thigh bone
femoral nerve (L2–L4).
Quadratus lumborum
extensor of the lumbar spine, a stabilizer of the lumbar area, capable of pelvic tilting laterally and capable of acting as an inspiratory accessory muscle.
The quadratus lumborum (QL) muscle is innervated by the subcostal nerve (T12) and the first three nerves of the lumbar plexus (L1-L3):
Vessels
Abdominal aorta
The abdominal aorta is a large blood vessel that runs along the posterior abdominal wall, supplying blood to the abdomen and other parts of the body:
T12
Veins
Inferior vena cava
A large vein that receives venous drainage from all structures below the diaphragm. It's located on the posterior abdominal wall, to the right of the abdominal aorta and in front of the vertebral column.
Lymphatics
super
Follow the superficial circumflex blood vessels in the lumbar and iliac regions
deep
Lumbar
Follows the lumbar arteries and drains into the lateral aortic nodes
Iliac
Follows the deep circumflex iliac artery and drains into the external iliac nodes
Anterio-lateral Abdominal Wall
Fascia
Camper
Protects the abdominal organs, insulates to maintain a constant temperature, and separates the skin from the muscles
Extends from the xiphoid process to the inguinal ligaments, and past the pubic symphysis
Intermediate
Thoracolumbar
Located on either side of the lumbar vertebrae, the TLF is most prominent in the upper lumbar region.
The TLF supports the lower back, helps maintain spinal alignment, and protects the underlying muscles and spinal structures. It also contains nerve endings that help with proprioception, the body's ability to sense its position and movement.
Abdominal
attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs.
Scarpa
Scarpa's fascia is a thin membrane of connective tissue located in the lower abdomen and anterior abdominal wall:
allow for smooth movement, protect the underlying organs, provide structural support to the abdominal wall, role in maintaining fluid balance and tissue pressure in the region.
Muscles
External oblique
The external oblique is one of the outermost abdominal muscles, located on the sides of the abdomen, and sits on top of the internal obliques.
The external oblique's primary function is to rotate the trunk from side to side. It also helps stabilize the core, move the spine, and assist with breathing.
Internal oblique
The internal obliques are located on the sides of the trunk, just inside the hip bones, and on top of the external obliques.
The internal obliques work with the external obliques to help the trunk twist and turn. They also help with exhaling and stabilizing the spine.
Transversus abdominus
located between the ribs and pelvis, and wrapping around the trunk from front to back.
postural support and help contain and support the organs inside the trunk. It's also a main core muscle that supports the lumbopelvic region.
Rectus abdominis
move the body between the ribcage and the pelvis.
Flexion of the spine
Pyramidalis
Found at the base of the pubic bone, within the rectus sheath, anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle.
Function: Considered to have a minor role in stabilizing the abdominal wall by tensing the linea alba
Rectus shealth
fibrous compartment in the abdomen that contains the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles
Transverse section
Above umbilicus
Rectus sheath splits around the rectus
Below umbilicus
Rectus sheath anterior to rectus
Internal surface
Peritoneal folds
Median umbilical
Lateral umbilical
Peritoneal fossae
Lateral inguinal
medial inguinal
supravesical
Neruovasculature
Nerves
Thoracoabdominal
T7-T12
Lateral cutaneous
T7-T9
Iliohypogastric
L1
Ilioinguinal
L1
Vessels
Internal Thoracic
musculophrenic
The musculophrenic artery is a branch of the internal thoracic artery that supplies the pericardium and abdominal wall:
superior epigastric
The superior epigastric artery supplies blood to the upper central abdominal wall and skin, and the upper rectus abdominis muscle:
Aorta
posterior epigastric
Supplies blood to the upper part of the rectus abdominis muscle and the linea semilunaris
subcostal
The subcostal arteries supply the muscles and skin beneath the 12th rib of the anterolateral abdominal wall
External iliac
inferior epigastric
The inferior epigastric artery supplies oxygen-rich blood to the abdominal wall, including the skin, muscles, and parts of the male reproductive system
deep circumflex iliac
The deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) supplies blood to the muscles, skin, and bone of the lower abdomen and pelvis
femoral artery
superficial epigastric
The superficial epigastric artery's main function is to supply blood to the skin and superficial inguinal lymph nodes of the anterior abdominal wall
superficial circumflex
supplies blood to the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and superficial inguinal lymph nodes of the abdominal wall and groin
Spermatic cord
Layers
Internal spermatic fascia
External spermatic fascia
Parts
Ductus deferens
Carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
Runs through the spermatic cord, inguinal canal, and pelvic cavity, looping over the bladder and ending at the ejaculatory duct
Arteries
cremasteric
A branch of the inferior epigastric artery, this artery supplies blood to the skin of the scrotum, including the cremaster muscle, and the layers of the spermatic cord.
testicular
Also known as the internal spermatic artery, this artery branches from the abdominal aorta and supplies blood to the testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord.
Plexus
web-like network of veins in the spermatic cord that surrounds the testicular artery. It begins in the scrotum and extends into the inguinal canal.
Helps regulate temperature
Cremaster muscle
raise and lower the testes in order to regulate scrotal temperature for optimal spermatogenesis and survival of the resultant spermatozoa.
Lymphatic vessels
The lymphatic vessels of the scrotum drain into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
Fight infection
Inuinal region
Inguinal ligament
The inguinal ligament is a band of tissue that runs from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) in the lower abdomen.
It's also known as Poupart's ligament or groin ligament
Iliopubic tract
The iliopubic tract is a band of tissue that runs from the iliopectineal arch to the pubic bone
Inguinal canal
Deep ring
It is an opening in the transversalis fascia, forming the deep boundary of the inguinal canal.
serve as the entrance point of the inguinal canal, allowing the passage of the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament of the uterus in females
superficial ring
Location: Located above the pubic tubercle, just superior to the crest of the pubis
The exit point for the inguinal canal, which allows passage for the spermatic cord in males, the round ligament in females, blood vessels, lymphatics, and the ilioinguinal nerve
walls
Floor
Iliopubic tract
Inguinal ligament
lancunar ligament
Anterior
composed of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle and reinforced laterally by the internal oblique muscle.
Posterior
formed by the transversalis fascia, conjoint tendon, and deep inguinal ring.
Roof
formed by the medial crus of the aponeurosis of the external oblique, the musculoaponeurotic arches of the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, and the transversalis fascia.
Diaphragm
Vessels
Superior phrenic arteries: Arise from the thoracic aorta
Musculophrenic artery: A branch of the internal thoracic artery
Pericardiacophrenic artery: A branch of the internal thoracic artery
Inferior phrenic arteries: Often arise from the anterior trunk of the aorta above the celiac artery
Lower internal intercostal arteries: Supply blood to the diaphragm
Nerve
Phrenic nerve
C3 through C5
Functions
Motor: The phrenic nerve causes the diaphragm to contract when you inhale
Sensory: The phrenic nerve provides sensation to the central tendon of the diaphragm
Actions
Inhale
When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downwards, creating a vacuum in the chest cavity that pulls air into the lungs.
Exhale
When the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upwards, compressing the chest cavity and pushing air out of the lungs.
dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum & Peritoneal Cavity
Layers
Parietal
The outer layer that attaches to the chest wall.
Visceral
The inner layer that covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi
Formations
Mesentery
The mesentery is a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the wall around the stomach area and holds it in place.
Omentum
Greater
Fat deposition, having varying amounts of adipose tissue. Immune contribution, having milky spots of macrophage collections. Infection and wound isolation
Lesser
Connects liver to stomach
Subdivisions
Omental foramen
allows communication between the greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneal cavity
Omental bursa
Allows stomach to move freely
Quadrants
RUQ
right portion of the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, a small portion of the stomach, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of the small intestine
LUQ
left portion of the liver, the larger portion of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small intestine
RLQ
cecum, appendix, right ovary (in females), right fallopian tube (in females), right ureter, the lower pole of the right kidney, portions of the ileum (small intestine), and various blood vessels and lymphatics, including branches of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries.
LLQ
sigmoid colon, part of the descending colon, the left ovary (in females), the left fallopian tube (in females), the left ureter, portions of the small intestine (especially the ileum), and various blood vessels and lymphatics, including branches of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries.
Thorax
Boundaries of thorax
Rib cage
Mediastinum
Diaphragm
Cardiovascular system
Anatomy of the heart
Physiology of the heart
Blood
Function
Transport vital substances
remove metabolic waste
pathogen defense
temperature regulation
Flow
Factors effecting blood flow
Pressure
Respiratory system
Anatomy
Trachea
L & R bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Alveoli
Lobes
physiology
Functions
Ventilation
Respiration (gas exchange)
Gas transport
O2 transport
Hemoglobin
Binds up to 4 O2 molecules
98% of O2 transport
CO2 transport
Bicarbonate
about 70% of CO2
Hemoglobin bound CO2
23%
Plasma CO2
7% dissolved directly
Oxy-hemoglobin binding curve