Universal Ancestor
- DNA as genetic storage
- ether bonds in cell membrane

Escherichia Coli

Bacteria
- presence of peptidoglycan in cell wall

Common Ancestor
- presence of histones

Methanobrevibacter smithii

Archaea
- ether bonds in cell membrane

American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)

Eukarya
- presence of membrane-bound organelles
- presence of membrane-bound nucleus

Archaeplastida
- primary plastids

Common Ancestor

rhodophytes

chlorophytes

Charophytes

Plants

Liverworts

- sporic life cycle
- embryo
- desiccation resistant spores
- apical meristems
- gametangia
- sporangia

Common Ancestor

Mosses

- sporic life cycle
- embryo
- desiccation resistant spores
- apical meristems
- gametangia
- sporangia

Common Ancestor

Hornworts

- sporic life cycle
- embryo
- desiccation resistant spores
- apical meristems
- gametangia
- sporangia

Common Ancestor

Lycophytes

- sporic life cycle
- embryo
- desiccation resistant spores
- apical meristems
- gametangia
- sporangia
- lignin
- xylem and phloem
- leaves (lycophylls)
- dominant sporophyte generation
- thick waxy cuticle
- stomata

Common Ancestor

Monilophytes

- sporic life cycle
- embryo
- desiccation resistant spores
- apical meristems
- gametangia
- sporangia
- lignin
- xylem and phloem
- megaphylls
- dominant sporophyte generation
- thick waxy cuticle
- stomata

Common Ancestor

Gymnosperms

- pollen
- seed
- heterospory
- wood
- ovules

Common Ancestor

Angiosperms

- pollen
- seed
- fruit
- flowers
- endosperm
- heterospory
- wood
- ovules
- ovaries

Excavata
- feeding groove
- secondary plastids

euglenoids

Fly Agaric

SAR clade

Stramenopila
- tripartite flagellar hair
- secondary plastids

giant kelp

diatoms

dinoflagellates

Alveolata
- membranous vesicles on cell membrane
- secondary plastids

Rhizaria
- filose pseudopodia

foraminiferas

radiolarians

Unikonta

slime molds

Amebozoa
- movement with pseudopodia

Opisthokonta
- single posterior flagellum on swimming cells

Fungi

- multicellularity
- absorptive heterotroph
- cell wall
- zygotic life cycle

Animals

- multicellularity
- absorptive heterotroph
- mobility
- complex organ systems
- gametic life cycle

Eumetazoa

Bilateria

Protostomia

- spiral and determinate cleavage
- blastopore becomes mouth

Ecdysozoa

- metamorphosis (most)
- ecdysis

Roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans)

Nematodoa

- free-living and parasitic
- cuticle
- pseudocoelom
- complete digestive tract

Anthropoda

- "jointed foot"
- segmented
- exoskeleton made of chitin
- complete digestive tract
- open circulatory system

Southern Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans)

Chelicerates
- cephalothorax and abdomen
- 4 pairs of walking legs, pedipalps, and chelicerae

Pancrustaceans

Chesapeake Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus)

Crustaceans
- cephalothorax

Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus)

Hexapoda
- six legs
- insects
- many have wings (crucial to their success as a group)
- head, thorax, abdomen

Lophotrochozoa

- trochophore and/or lophophore larvae

Common ancestor

Common Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)

Annelida
- segmented worms
- closed circulatory system
- complete digestive tract

Mollusca

- soft-bodied
- foot, visceral mass, mantle
- coelomates
- organ systems

Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)

Gastropoda

Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas)

Cephalopoda
- reduced or absent shell (except nautilus)
- closed circulatory system

Soft Shell Clam (Mya arenaria)

Bivalvia
- two-part shell

Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium)

Platyhelmnithese
- acoelomates
- incomplete digestive tract
- no respiratory or circulatory systems

Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)

Trematoda
- parasitic

Macrostomum lignano

Rhabditophorans (Free-living)

Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium)

Cestoda (Tapeworms)
- parasitic
- no digestive tract

Deuterostomia

- radial and indeterminate cleavage

Giant Sea Star (Pisater giganteus)

Enchinodermata

- spiny skin
- water vascular system
- adults radially symmetrical, larvae are bilaterally symmetrical
- no brain
- complete digestive tract

Purple Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)

Enchinoidea

Serpent Star (Ophiura ophiura)

Ophiuroidea

Asteroidea

California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus)

Holothuroidea

Chordata

- notochord
- dosal nerve cord
- pharyngeal slits
- endostyle

Common ancestor

Vertebrates

Common ancestor

Mammalia

- notochord
- hollow dorsal nerve cord
- pharyngeal slits
- post-anal tail
- cranium
- vertebral column
- jaws
- bony skeleton
- lungs or lung derivatives
- limbs
- endothermic
- amniotic egg
- hair
- milk

Reptilia

- notochord
- hollow dorsal nerve cord
- pharyngeal slits
- post-anal tail
- cranium
- vertebral column
- jaws
- bony skeleton
- lungs or lung derivatives
- limbs
- ectothermic (non-bird reptiles)
- endothermic (birds)
- amniotic egg

Amphibia

- notochord
- hollow dorsal nerve cord
- pharyngeal slits
- post-anal tail
- cranium
- vertebral column
- jaws
- bony skeleton
- lungs or lung derivatives
- limbs
- ectothermic

Lobe-finned fishes

- notochord
- hollow dorsal nerve cord
- pharyngeal slits
- post-anal tail
- cranium
- vertebral column
- jaws
- bony skeleton
- lungs or lung derivatives
- ectothermic

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

- notochord
- hollow dorsal nerve cord
- pharyngeal slits
- post-anal tail
- cranium
- vertebral column
- jaws
- bony skeleton
- lungs or lung derivatives
- ectothermic

Chondrichthyes

- notochord
- hollow dorsal nerve cord
- pharyngeal slits
- post-anal tail
- cranium
- vertebral column
- jaws
- cartilaginous skeleton
- ectothermic

Agathans

- notochord
- hollow dorsal nerve cord
- pharyngeal slits
- post-anal tail
- cranium
- vertebral column
- cartilaginous skeleton
- ectothermic