Catégories : Tous - vocabulary - grammar - conditional - english

par Yurley González Il y a 4 années

263

CUTTING EDGE Third edition

A study guide aims to enhance English language skills through various grammatical constructs and vocabulary. It emphasizes the use of "like" and "would like" to express preferences and desires politely.

CUTTING EDGE
Third edition

GERALDINE ANDREA PEÑA URIBE

YURLEY PAOLA GONZÁLEZ FLÓREZ

CUTTING EDGE Third edition

These units help to strengthen our understanding of English, providing new vocabulary with which we can understand either orally or textually, it also provides an advance in our written production.

Below are the units seen in the semester
Units studied 7-10

UNIT 9

-Air freshener -A bottle of bleach -A cave house -Furniture -Messy -Modern interior -To move house -A priority -A rubbish bag -Running water -A shower curtain -Time-consuming -Wipes

Adjectives for describing places

-An attractive house -A comfortable room -A dark living room -A large bedroom -A light kitchen -A lively cafe -A modern kitchen -An old-fashioned house -A private garden -A quiet street -A shady garden -A small bathroom -A spacious kitchen -A sunny room

Modern Equipment

-Air conditioning -Central Heating -A computer -A dishwasher -A flat screen television -A freezer -A fridge -A microwave oven -An oven -A shower -A vacuum cleaner -A washing machine -A wi-fi router

PRESENT TENSE IF, WHEN AND OTHER TIME WORDS

When, as soon as, before and after

Before/After

-Remember to turn off all the lights before you go -After I graduate, I'll take time off to think about my future.

When/As soon as

-I'll phone you as soon as we arrive -I'll phone you when we arrive.

The first conditional

-IF CLAUSE (If we have time) -MAIN CLAUSE (We'll go and see Sarah)

We can change the position of the if clause and the main clause.

I'll tell you if anything unusual happens

We can also use other future forms or a modal verb in the main clause

If you're very good, I might buy you an ice cream

MAY, MIGHT, WILL DEFINITELY.

May/might

We use may/might to say it's possible that something will happen. The negative of these verbs is may not/ might to

-We may/might be out tomorrow evening -I may not/might not get there before 6 o'clock

Will probably

We use will probably when we are fairly sure something will happen. The negative of this phrase is probably won't

-We will probably be out tomorrow evening -I probably won't get there before 6 o'clock

Will definitely

We use will definitely when we are sure something will happen. The negative of this phrase is definitely won't

-We will definitely be out tomorrow evening -I definitely won't get there before 6 o'clock

UNIT 10

-An accident -An allergy -Bacteria -A broken arm/leg -A disease -An epidemic -To feel breathless -First aid -Hygiene -An illness -An immune system -An injury -A remedy -To suffer from allergies -A sysptom

Feeling ill

-To be sick -To feel sick -To have got a cold -To have got a cough -To have got an earache -To have got a fever -To have got a headache -To have got a sore throat -To have got a stomachache -To have got toothache -My ear/hand hurts -To sneeze

Accidents and Injuries

-To be allergic to -To become swollen -To break your arm/leg -To burn yourself -To come round -To cut your finger -To faint -To feel dizzy -To get a bee sting -To phone for an ambulance -To put a plaster -To stop the bleeding

USED TO

Notice that the habit or state is probably not true now. Or it may be true now.

I didn't use to like sport at school

We used to have a dog called Tilly

We use "used" to:

For feelings, thoughts, ideas, etc. in the past

I used to be afraid of the dark

For actions that happened many times in the past (habits)

He used to wait for me at the school gates

PAST CONTINUOUS

When two actions happened one after the other, we use the Past simple for both actions

When I heard the crash, I ran to the of the street.

We use when, while and as to join the Past continuous and Past simple parts of a sentence

I saw Karl when/while/as I was waiting at the bus stop

Sometimes the other action in the past simple interrupts the action in the past continuous

I was crossing the road when I slipped on some ice.

We often use the past continuous to describe the background situation in a story

The sun was shining and everyone was getting ready for the party that.........

We use the Past continuous to talk about actions in progress

When another (completed) action happened

I was driving home when I saw a friend of mine

At a certain time in the past

I was driving home at 6:30 this evening

UNIT 8

-A capital city -Climate -A continent -Fresh water -A home town -In the (west) of -On the (north) coast -Permanently -Remote -Situated -A solar farm -Spectacular scenary -Temperature -(Un)inhabited -Unspoilt

Geographical Features

-A beach -A coast -A desert -A forest -A hill -An island -A mountain -A mountain range -An ocean -A river -A sea -A valley

City life

-Carbon-neutral -A city centre -A cycle lane -Green space -A high-rise apartment block -A one-way street -A pedestrian zone -Public transport -A recycling bin -A residential area -A shopping mall -Traffic congestion -Traffic lights

QUANTIFIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Some, any and other quantifiers

With uncountable nouns

(not) much, too much

-He hasn't got much money -There's too much noise in here

Whit plural nouns

(not) many, too many, a few

-There were too many people in the room -I've got a few pens in my bag

With plural nouns and uncountable nouns

some,(not any), no, a lot of, (not) enough

-There are some cakes on the table -There is a lot of traffic today

Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form

-Traffic -Scenery -Nighlife

Countable nouns

Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form

-Mountain/Mountains -Table/tables -Person/people

USING ARTICLES

Use of zero article

We do not use "a", "an" or "the" (zero article)

with many places

-Continents -Cities -Mountains -Roads/streets -Countries -Lakes -Hills -Islands

with the names of people and nationalities

-Michael and Jane are coming for dinner later -American people eat a lor of fast

When we talk about things/people in general

Dogs make very good pets

Use of the

We use "the" with some place names

-Oceans and seas -Rivers -Mountain ranges -Countries which are republics or unions

We use the with superlative forms

The Nile is the longest river in the world

We use the when there is only one of something

-The sun -The Earth -The Pope

We use the to refer to a specific thing/person

The man in the black coat is looking and you

We use the to refer to something/someone we have mentioned before

When I went back, the vase wasn't there anymore!

Use of a and an

We use a or an for the first time we mention something

I saw a beautiful vase in an antique shop the other day

UNIT 7

-An achievement -An ambition -To be confident -To be interested in business -A blog -A computer game designer -Confidence -A dream -An ecologist -A film addict -Inspiration -To inspire -An internet user -A multi-millionarie -To perform in public -To set your goals high -To sponsor -A volunteer

Verb phrases about ambitions

-To appear on television -To become famous -To buy a house or flat -To earn 1 million -To get married -To go abroad -To go round the world -To go to University -To have children -To learn how to drive -To start your own business -To write a book

The Internet

-A blog -to download -a hit -an online community -to post -to search -a social-networking site -to upload -a video-sharing site -a website

PAST SIMPLE

We use the Past simple with for to talk about a past action or state in a period of time which is finished.

I was in New York for two weeks

PRESENT PERFECT

We use the present perfect to talk about the past and present together

-I have met Daniel before -He has left the country.

We form the present perfect with have/has + past participle.

?

-Have I/You/We/They finished won? -Has He/She/It finished?

-

-I/You/We/They haven't finished won. -He/She/It hasn't finished won

+

-I/You/We/They have finished won. -He/She/It has finished won.

Units studied 11-14

UNIT 14

To ask for assistance To be greedy ( about money) To be a waste of money A billionarie Can/ can't afford Financial success For and against In total despair To insert An internet auction company A millonarie On one hand On the other hand PIN: ( Personal Identification Number) To refuse To scan A Stockbroker A tip To win a prize /a bet

Verb phrases about money

To borrow from To earn To inherit To lend to To lose To pay a fine To pay back To save up (to buy a...) To spend To win

Money

Bank notes A bill A cashpoint machine Change Coins A credit card An exchange rate Foreign currency A purse A receipt A wallet

Narrative tenses

We use the past simple to talk about the main events in a story

We use the past perfect to talk about actions which happened before the main events in a story

We use the past continuos to talk about actions in progress at a certain time in the past

Past Perfect

It's used we use the past perfect to show that one action happened before another in the past, and that the first action finished before the secondo action started

Subject + had + past participle

He had worked here before We had eaten before you came

UNIT 13

An "arranged" marriage Audition Divorce A flamate To fall in love To earn a good Shared values To do things for myself

Personal characteristic

Affectionate Ambitious Easy-going Hard-working Honest Open Organised Patient Reliable Sensitive Sociable

Getting a job

To apply online Computing skills An education To fill in an application form To go for an interview A job vacancy To look for a job To write a CV

Present Perfect Simple

It is used mainly to talk about a past action linked to the present, such as an observation, or an action whose continuity we see in the present.

Subject + have/ has + past participle

We have worked a lot

Present Perfect Continuos

It is used to talk about events that happened in the past and continue to the present

Subject + have/ has + been + v. ing

I've been learning a new language

UNIT 12

Vocabulary

A logo Jewellery Fashionable A slogan Comfortable Highly recommended Toiletries A target market

Personal teams

Hair gel Lipstick Cosmectis A comb Deodorant Earrings An eyeliner A razor A hairbrush

Types of product

Accessories Chocolate bars Clothes Coffee and pastries Electronic goods Electronic mail Fast food Soft drinks Trainers

Past simple passive

It can be used

It is used in the same way as in the present simple passive, however it is more formal or in news.

It's formed with

Subject + was/were + past participle

The bank was robbed by a group of robbers

Present simple passive

It can be used : It can be used when the action falls on the complement and not on the subject who performs it

When the information is unknown or when it talks about something in general

It is formed with:

Subject + am/is/are + past participle -If we want to say who or what is the "doer" of the action, we use by: Tomatoes are picked by farmers

UNIT 11

GRAMMAR

VOCABULARY

vocabulary is an important part of studying the English language, as it helps us express ourselves better

Other

A hobby A pet To go to the hairdresser's Job satisfaction On a camping holiday On a desert island Physical work A public perfomance To research A risk of heart disease To sing in a choir

Survival items

A battery A blanket A mirror A rope Suncream Sunglasses A tent A torch A knife Bottled water Matches A compass A survey Insect repellent

Adjectives with dependet prepositions

Afraid of Full of Good at Interested in Different from Keen on Similar to Suitable for Surprise about Worried about

Conditional sentecens with would

We use this conditional when we talk about imaginary things or situations or something that we would like to happen

The structure of this form is: If + Past simple + would ( n't) + infitive without to

If i had money, I'd travel a lot

Use of like and would like

We use like to talk about thnigs the we enjoy, and love to talk about things we enjoy a lot. It is important to say that like is used in this way:

- I like dancing with my father like + v.ing

Other verbs that can use this form are: enjoy, love, hate.

We use would like to talk about things we want, and it's a polite way. It's is important to would like is used in this way:

I would like to travel to Europe I'd would like to travel... would like + to verb.