Organization

Functional :

Organized by key business skills ex: accounting, sales,marketing, production.

PROS

Clear lines of authority

Specialized

CONS

Communication issues with other departments

Groupitis : It means that having 2 managers leads to difficulties in decision making

Divisional:

organize into independent teams ex: A,B,C

PROS

leads to potentially better service

more focused on service/efficient production

CONS

duplication ( more employees) of rules in departments

Matrix

organize into cross functional teams ( 2 bosses)

PROS

Improves communication throughout the company

CONS

Double workload

double deadlines

A lot of stress

Team:

organize into independent teams ex : Group A, Group B, Group C

PROS

Imrpoves teamwork

Generates ideas/creativity

CONS

not as well organized

leads to ineficiencies

Network

Outsource to contractors/key responsibilities ex: sweat shops

PROS

Cheaper to outsource

more skilled at job ( field that they are trained for)

CONS

contractors lack loyalty to your business

Boundaryless

removes all boundaries ( very creative and innovative ex: Apple

PROS

Freedom

creativity

CONS

no clear authority

difficulty to manage

laissez-faire leadership style

Job Enrichment:

Method to redesign jobs, it is directed to motivate by making the work and workplace more interesting and challenging for the employees. It typically provides more responsibility and thinking to the job which in turn sprouts

PROS

Receive recognition

Employee motivation

Learn new skills

Decrease boredom

CONS

Lack of training

Increased workload

Conflict with non participants

Potential for poor performance

Example: Altering the product or provision of service and implementing new minor changes here and there ie starbucks implementing new drinks

Job Rotation

Technique used by some employers to rotate their employees' assigned jobs throughout their employment. It was created to increase and promote flexibility and keep the employees interested in staying with the company/ organization

PROS

eliminates boredom

Encourage development

Gives employees a break from stressful job duties

Helps you identitfy where employees work best

CONS

Costly and time consuming

other industries might not understand why the company cannot hire more skilled and trained employees

possible circumstance where there is an error in training and mew employees will be taught the wrong way -- decreasing productivity

Mercedes is an example for a job rotation. The company's main products are vehicles. To be able to assemble them, the supervisor must move employees to different positions, since most of the employees have similar specializations and skills, job rotating is proven to be successful

Job Simplification

This job design technique in which jobs are broken into relatively easy tasks. It targets at great productivity through decreased application of physical and/or mental effort.

PROS

Relatively easy and quick to train staff

Staff are less likely to be difficult to supervise and/or easier to replace

Expertise may be developed more quickly through staff task and repetition

CONS

Lower job satisfaction

Higher potential for staff boredom and accompanying issues of elevated error rates and absents

Example: Mass Production ( fast food, clothing etc)- Mass production is a key example of job simplification that has skyrocketed in its implementation since the industrial revolution as mechanics has become a larger and easier alternative to using manual labour workers.

Job Enlargement

an increase in job tasks and responsibilities to make a position more challenging. It is a horizontal expansion, which means that the tasks added are at the same level as those in the current position

PROS

Employees have the ability to learn new skills

Reduces boredom

Employees can receive recognition

Employees can remain motivated

CONS

Lack of training- giving employees greater depth of tasks can cause problems through their lack of experience and training.

Increasing the workload

Performance can prove to be poor

Ex: Jeff works as a trash man for the city. His boss might switch the routes that he has to cover or may ask him to pick up the recycling routes in addition to his routine trash routes. Even though JEff is not given any extra authority or challenge by taking these additionnal routes, it does provide Jeff with new tasks that he can lessen the repetitiveness of his usual trash route.

Telecommunicating

Telecommuting (also known as working from home, or e-commuting) is a work arrangement in which the employee works outside the office, often working from home or a location close to home (including coffee shops, libraries, and various other venues).

PROS

No commuting

increased independence

flexible schedule

Fewer sick days ( allows you to work from the comfort of your own home

CONS

Decreased human interaction

Mixing work and personal life

Procrastination

Example: Telecommunicating jobs : Software engineer, Financial analyst, Tutor/online teache

Condensed working week

Putting more hours in per day instead of stretching them out the whole week

PROS

More days off

Employees keep full time pay and benefits

Extended hours of workplace

CONS

some positions may not be suitable for longer hours

Less supervsion at some time periods

Could cause understaffing

Creates difficulties with scheduled meetings

Employees could be working unauthorized overtime

ex 40 hours = 10 hour days instead of 5 8 hour days .

Flextime

a system of working a set number of hours with the starting and finishing times chosen within agreed limits by the employee.

PROS

allow employers to increase coverage beyond traditional work hours

May compel employers to implement a sophisticated time recording system to maintain employee scheduling, monitor punctuality and supervise schedule adherance

CONS

Schedule lacks supervision of employees who work nontraditional hours - could lead to non compliance with company pollicies

interfere with interoffice communications

ex: Staggered hours within a fixed schedule

Start and end times differ from the typical 8:30 a.m. – 5 p.m. schedule, but the schedule each day and the days of the week are constant.



• Normal Schedule: Monday – Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.



• Flextime Schedule: Monday – Friday from 11 a.m. to 7:30 p.m.

Job Sharing

Alternative work schedule which eliminates full time positions and divides the position into part-time workers who share the same job title

PROS

Provides a time of relaxation

Best for people who get along well

Better channels of communication

Loyalty and hard work

CONS

having bad partners

Changes in partners

Conflict between job sharers

Ana began to consider job sharing when her mother became ill. She realized that because of personal responsibilities, she no longer wanted to work on a full time bass but still wanted to be able to perserve her career skills and status with her profession.

MECHANISTIC

Definition : organized with a lot of structure and rules

PROS

Benefits of specialization & fixation of responsibility

CONS

Work overload on manager

Static and Rigid

More formalization

Organic

Definition: an organic organization is one that is very flexible and is able to adapt well to changes. Its structure is identified as having little job specialization, few layers of management, decentralized decision-making, and not much direct supervision

PROS

Creativity

Free spirited work environment

Dynamic environment

Boundayless organization

CONS

Lack of communication

Complexity of decisions

High administrative costs

Can create conflict employee vs employee or employee vs employer