Cell Structure
Nucleus
(largest organelle in animal cells)
Controls cell's activity
Nucleus Envelope
Allow and control exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Makes rRNA & ribosomes
Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis
Mitochondria
Synthesis of ATP
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
Granum
Thylakoids
Stroma
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Form transport vesicles
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes lipids & steroids
Vacuole
(largest organelle in plant cells)
Stores water, ions, pigments, enzymes, sugars, other organic compounds
Regulate osmotic properties of cells
Tonoplast
Controls exchange between the vacuole and the cytoplasm
Main topic
Golgi (Body/Apparatus/Complex)
Modifications of Proteins
Form glycoproteins
Transport, modifies, stores lipids
Produces secretory enzyme
Lysosomes
Autolysis
Breakdown of unwanted/worn out organelles
Digest material ingested
By phagocytic cells
Centrioles
Form centrosome
Microtubules
Form spindle fibres during nuclear division
Make up cytoskeleton
Maintain cell shape
(Cell Surface/Plasma) Membrane
Controls exchange of substances
Form recognition site
Protein acts as receptor site
Folded to form microvilli
Helps cells attach to one another
Cell Adhesion
Cell Wall
Prevents cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis
Gives cell a definite shape
Plasmodesmata
Acts as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges
Facilitate communication and transport of materials
Cell Structure
Lacking a boundary membrane
Centrioles
Ribosomes
Microtubules
Nucleolus
A single membrane
Lysosome
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuole
Two membranes
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
Polymers of Sugars
Monosaccharides
Triose (3C)
Pentose (5C)
Ribose
Hexose (6C)
Fructose
Glucose
Disaccharides
Maltose
glucose + glucose
Sucrose
glucose + fructose
Lactose
glucose + galactose
Polysaccharides
Starch
Amylose
unbranched
helical structure
Amylopectin
branched
chain
Glycogen
Highly branched
An energy store
Cellulose
Subtopic
Proteins
made from the monomers amino acids
Amino Acids
Soluble in water
good pH buffer
Lipids
Triglycerides
3 fatty acids
1 glycerol
Phospholipids
1 glycerol
2 fatty acids
1 phosphate group