Backing up a Claim
evidence: what you use to convince the audience to see the subject the same way you do (Pg 175).
factual evidence: possessing a high degree of public acceptance (facts) (Pg. 175).
examples (these help enliven a topic) (Pg. 176).
statistic (these express information in numbers) (Pg. 177).
comparative statistic: helps put information into perspective and prove the authors point (Pg. 177).
expert opinion (the opinions experts formulate based on research they did. It is how they interpret data) (Pg. 178).
images (photos can say more than words. they are especially useful when it comes to scientific evidence) (Pg. 179).
Appeals to Needs and Values: when evidence is not enough the appeal to needs and values comes into play.
Maslow's needs classification (Pg. 201)
self actualization: realizing ones potential
esteem needs: material success and
recognition from others
social needs: love within a
family and among friends
safety needs: security
and freedom from arm
physiological needs: basic bodily
requirements (food, drink, health, sex)
Subtopic
make people feel safe from harm. Politicians often do this (Pg 201).
The last three of Maslow's classifications are the hardest to appeal to due to them needing human connection (Pg. 201).
Effective Appeals to Values (Pg. 202).
values are different for everyone depending on age, sex, race, religion, culture ect. (Pg 203).
You have to read an aduience in order to appeal to their values. What do they like? What do they care about? (Pg. 203).