Grade 11 Biology - SBI3U0-18

Overtime transition of plants and organisms

Choices of Traits

Selected Artificially

Non random, selected by species like humans

Interbred those with characteristics required (Phenotype)

Natural Selection

Favoured by environment

Certain allels fitness increases

Directional

Favored either recessive or dominant allele (Extreme(s))

Disruptive

Over intermediate, both extreme alleles preferred

Outlets for variation

Natural Selection

Sources of organism variance mechanism Adaptation
Shifting and evolving

Mutations

Introducing new alleles spontaneously
From one gene to another

Recombination

Build new frequencies with alleles, 
the introduction of new alleles by means of

Mating which isn't random

Bred for particular phenotypes with others

Reproductive Barriers

Mechanisms involved in evolution

Alterations of the gene pool
a single population

Individuals are breeding with
Others of particular phenotypes

Allelele migration from one population
Through still.

Near individuals who are related
Bred for each other

Random alterations in genetic variation
Because of an opening

Over long periods of time, developmental shifts
The root of new groups is and includes

Barriers in Reproducing

Post Zygotic

Post-Reproduction

Subtopic

Prezygotic

Speciation

Adaptation takes place to counteract the adaptation of other species.
(prey verses predator)

Comparative Anatomics

Build of different organisms

Homologous

Build of different organisms

Similarities

Identical Feature
Different Composition

Subtopic

Vestigial

From Evolved
Various ecosystems

Homologous

The structure is same but functions are different

Charles Darwin and the theory for Evolution

Change of species over time

Higher fitness species survive longer

Competition for selective preasure

Variation: Tiny variations in the population
And is inherited

Class Mindmap

"Life on Earth diversity and variability"

Makes this

Pollution

These impact the environment

Economy can be effected

Extinction of Species

Migration of Species

Habitat change

Climate: Global Warming

Deforestation

Domain

What is it?

Scientific method  of naming species into categories

Hence, different groups are created for the million species

3 Classifying Subcategories

Eukarya

Bacteria

Archea

Any other bacteria that isn't in the realm of Archaea are considered.

Reason

Kingdoms

Who is behind it?

Carl Linnaeeus (scientist from Swedan, 1700's

He is the one who organized the linnean system

Overall 6 kingdoms

Characteristics

Fungi are eukaryotic cells, which means that they have a real nucleus embedded in membranes.

Non-vascular organisms

No embryonic stage.

They replicate by spores

Require Oxygen

Always moving around

Heterotrophic

Eukaryotes

Reproduce

Cell walls are not there

Multi cellular

Give ood, shelter, and oxygen for numerous underwater ecosystems.

Multi cellular

Not Mobile

Subtopic

Have cell wall

Photosynthesis (make own food

Archea

Prokaryotes

No nuclei

very small

Have lipids

Colonisation in harsh conditions.

Eubacteria

Prokaryotic

In extreme conditions

Aquatic/Inside Bodies

Cell Types

Uncellilur

One cell

Prokaryotic

Multicellular

Many cells

Eukaryotic

Contain cell membrane

Added my own info>

Patterns of inheritation

Segregation Rule ( for mono)

Not complete dominant

blended

Co dominant

Mixed

Diseases in Genes

Autosome Chromosome (non ses chromosome)

Most often in men

Homozygous

Two of the same alleles with one gene
(either predominant or both recessive)

Heterozygous

Two independent alleles for one gene
(one dominant and one recessive allele, respectively)

Lowercase is recessive and dominate is uppercase

Subtopic

What is behind this?

Mistakes in Chromosomes

Known as aneuploidy, not normal amount of chromosomes in the cell

Subtopic

The outcome of DNA copying errors made during cell division

May result in cancer

What does cancer mean?

Diseases that replicate cells aberrantly and transmit

Genetic content interchange

Homologous chromosomes interact with one another.

Meiosis

Reason

Increase in ecosystem survival rate due to
Genes / Phenotype Variations

Example: Not everyone dies from the same sickness.

Gametes development (2 haploids = diploids)

2 Haploid

X,X is the female egg

Procedure

Creates 4 cells which are Haploid

Mitosis takes place second time

First one

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

Second Part

Detach Sister Chromatids

Prophase (II)

Metaphase (II)

Anaphase (II)

Telophase (II)

Final Cytokinesis

Mendel, Gregor

His knowledge gained

Independent Assortment

Irregular

Adapt

Combine

Investigation of how genes are passed

Segregation Rule

Allele different, separatepic

Cell Cycle

Identical Diploids

Results in Mitosis

Blood

A and B have antigen

Any type O does not

Why?

To develop, repair, and reproduce

Growth of Cell, AKA G1

Pre division, AKA G2

Replicating DNA, AKA S Stage

Overview of Cells

Living Organisms

All biotic are made of of cells, one or many

Evolved from cells existing before

Gene Crosses

16 by 16 punnet square for traits

Creating a cross about 2 trait for 2 biotic structures

4 by 4 punnet square for traits

Creating a cross about one trait for 2 biotic structures