INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

Gene Cloning

Restriction endonuclease

Bacteria Plasmid

Recongnition and marker ganes.

Sticky ends

Sites of Photosyntheis in plants

Redox Process

Dark and light Reactions

Absorption Spectrum

Cyclic Electron Flow

Oxidation and Reduction

Krebs Cycle

Electron transport and Chemiosmosis

Operons

Trp and LAC operons

Negative: Repressible and Inducible Operons

Positive: Glucose Effect

Nucleotide pair substitution

missense mutation

Nonsense mutation

Frameshift mutation

Spontaneous mutations.

Central Dogma

Template/Coding strand

Exons/Introns/Splicing

Protein targeting

Griffith, Avery, Mccleod&MCcarthy, Hershey&Chase

ORIGINS of Replication, replication fork, SSB, Topoisomerase, DNA Pl I & III

Atoms

Levels of Biological Organization

Molecule

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organism

Population

Communities

Domains and KIngdoms

System, emergent properties, Reductionism

Bonds and water

Four emergent properties of water

Atomic Mass, Atomic #

Polarity Of water

Polar , Non Polar, Covalent, Ionic bonds

Carbon and Molecular diversity

Isomers

Functional groups For ex. carboxyl

four ways that carbon skelton can vary

Length

Branch/unbranched

Subtopic

Position of double bonds

presence of rings

Carbohydrates and Lipids

startch/glucose

Amylose/Amylopectin

sugar-sucrose

Human(glycogen), Plants(starch), Cellulose

Triglyceride--Phospholipids

saturated/unsaturated fatty acid

Amino acids and Proteins

Amino acid structure, Building blocks

Dehydration synthesis

Acidic/basic polar heads

Primary, seconday, Tertiary, Quaternary

DNA and synthesis of MRNA

Nucleosides and Nucloetide

Oparin's Bubble Hypothesis

Membrane Fluidity

Peripheral & Integral Membrane Proteins

Types of Microscopes

Internal membranes and compartmentalization

Differenentiate betwwen Animal and plant cells

Cell Communcation

Signal Transduction

Response

"Signal transduction pathway"