Macro Nutrients

Monomermonosaccharides, also referred as a simple sugar (make up carbohydrates)LinkageMonosaccharidesFunctionsmajor source of energyimportant for structure

smallest unit that makes up any carbohydrate (building blocks)also referred as a simple sugar

made of two monosaccharides

Structure

Structure

Monomerfatty acidsglycerolLinkagedehydration synthesisFunctiongreat source of long term energy storagegreat insulationmake up cell membranescan be bad for you in excess

include fats and oilsto become a triglyceride, 3 separate fatty acids have to bond with a glycerol molecule through the process of dehydration synthesis

Has 3 main partsAcid Groups (left)Hydrocarbon Chain (middle, chain of carbons)Methyl Group (right)it is a small part of a triglyceride

a fatty acid that has only single carbon to carbon bondssolid at room temperature

have one to several double bondsdouble bonds result in kinks in the fatty acid chain which affects the melting point of the fatliquid at room temperature

a component of a triglycerideto become a triglyceride, 3 separate fatty acids have to bond with a glycerol molecule

makes up the major component of plasma membranes of a cellsimilar to triglycerides, however, rather than a third fatty acid, a phosphate group is attached to the third carbon of glycerol

they tend to arrange themselves so that the hydrophilic head interacts with the watery environment of water

it is a small part of a phospholipid

it is a small part of a phospholipid

the hydrophobic tails crowd inward away from water

it is a small part of a phospholipid

are composed of four fused rings of carbon to which different functional groups are attachedpresent in plasma membranes where it stabilizes the membrane

serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other steroids such as testosterone, estrogen, vitamin D and cortisone

non-polarfound in protective coating on some leaves for exampleproduced in ears to protect the eardrum

repels water

FunctionsGood for muscle build upworks on immune system and acts as enzymesenzymes are made of proteins so proteins are important for the bodyMonomerAmino AcidsLinkagepeptide bond

proteins are made of the same 20 amino acids in almost all living things

a single amino acid

-two amino acids linked together-also called Dipeptide

a chain of amino acids linked togetherthis structure is also called primary structure

a primary structure folded in different wayssmall folded shapes within a protein caused by hydrogen bonding between peptide bonds in the same polypeptide

a 3D structureLarger folded shape of the proteinit's caused by different intermolecular forces of attraction between side chains of amino acids in the same polypeptidefor many proteins, the tertiary structure gives the protein the shape needed for it to function

when multiple polypeptide subunits come together to form a larger protein

amino acids we can't make on our ownit is essential that we eat them in our diet

humans can make these essential amino acids in our cellsnot essential that we eat them

Monomer:nucleotidesLinkage:phosphodiester bondFunction:holds heredity/genetic informationinvolved in making proteinscofactors in reactionsinternal cell signalingenergy carrierdeals with small packages of energy for cells called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)Propertiespolymer forms of nucleic acids can make 3D structures as a result of intermolecular forces of attraction

the building block of nucleic acidsConsists of:a 5-carbon sugarnitrogenous baseone to three phosphate groups

used to make polymers of deoxyribonucleotidesalso called DNA which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

used to make polymers of ribonucleotidesalso called RNA which stands for Ribonucleic Acidused to make monomers like ATP

a nitrogenous base composed of two fused rings, one 6-atoms and the other 5-atom

perform certain functions for the cellATP is made of the purine adeninemade of a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

a nitrogenous bas composed of one 6-atom ring

making complete, as in two nitrogenous bases complete a base pair