As light is transmitted through a lens it refracts and this is what causes an image to form. Images are only formed when light rays meet, if the light rays don't bend they would be going in parallel. In converging lenses, all the light rays refract to meet at the focus point then continue straight however in diverging lenses the light rays are extended behind the object till they meet to form a virtual image. Refraction occurs when light goes from one medium to another, most lenses are made of glass therefore refraction occurs when light from a source like the sun travels in air then hits the glass thhen when it passes through it refracts agin this time going from the glass to air.
The mirror and thin lens equations are both the same and can be used to identify the same information of an image. The sign conventions under Thin lens equations can also be applied to mirror equations. The magnification stays the same between both lenses and mirrors as well
Diverging lenses and convex mirrors are very similar. They both produce images with similar characteristics (smaller, upright, and virtual). I believe this is because both mirrors cause the rays to diverge or move apart. In both instances, the reflected rays must be extended backwards to for the rays to meet and produce an image. In contrast their curves are different; convex mirrors bulge outwards but diverging leneses curve inward.
The index of refraction may also be called the optical density. If we look at a list of mediums in order from most optically dense to least (high index of refraction to lowest index of refraction) the mediums at the top will most likely be solids. I believe this is because solids have more particles packed together in the same amount of space and since light bounces of other particles the interaction between the light and other particles actually slow the light rays down

Optics
Optics is a branch of physics which studies the properties and behavior of light. Furthermore, we talked about the characteristics of various mirrors, lenses, and how we can predict the characteristics of an image using (ray) diagrams and equations,

Bending Light Using Refraction

What is Refraction?

-Descibes light rays bending/changing in direction as it travels from one medium to another medium
-It is abbreviated with capital R

What is Refraction? -Descibes light rays bending/changing in direction as it travels from one medium to another medium -It i

Cause Of Refraction
Refraction is caused by light travelling between two mediums which have a difference in optical density; objects with lower optical density travel faster than objects with higher optical density.

Partial Refreaction
Partial Refraction describes a unique phenomenon where some light is refracted and rest is reflected

Partial Refreaction Partial Refraction describes a unique phenomenon where some light is refracted and rest is reflected

Total Internal Reflection
Describes a phenomenon where all light is reflected off the boundary (between 2 media) back into the medium of incidence and no refraction occurs

Total Internal Reflection Describes a phenomenon where all light is reflected off the boundary (between 2 media) back into th

Critical Angle
The critical angle is the angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is at 90 (note critical angles can only be identified if the first medium is optically more dense than the second); for total internal reflection to occur the angle of incidence must be beyond the critical angle

Critical Angle The critical angle is the angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is at 90 (note critical angles can o

Index of Refraction
-The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum compared to the speed of light in another medium
-The index of refraction of a medium may also be called optical density.

Index of Refraction -The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum compared to the speed of light in another medium -The inde

Snell's Law
Snell’s Law describes a relationship between angle of incidence, refraction, and index of refraction between 2 media; this law can be applied as an equation that can be used to find the unknown index of reflection, angle of incidence and angle of refraction using known values

Snell's Law Snell’s Law describes a relationship between angle of incidence, refraction, and index of refraction between 2 me

Forming Images With Lenses

What is a lens?
A lens is a tranparent/clear object with one or more curved sides which cause light to refract (bend)

What is a lens? A lens is a tranparent/clear object with one or more curved sides which cause light to refract (bend)

Converging Lens (Concave Lens)
Lens which are thicker in the middle and result in (parallel) light rays meeting together (converging) at a point (the focal point)

Converging Lens (Concave Lens) Lens which are thicker in the middle and result in (parallel) light rays meeting together (con

Possible Images created by converging lens

Possible Images created by converging lens

Diverging Lens (Concave Lens)
Lens which are thinner in the middle which result in (parallel) light rays spreading apart (diverging)

Diverging Lens (Concave Lens) Lens which are thinner in the middle which result in (parallel) light rays spreading apart (div

How does light travel through lenses?
-Light going through a lense refracts twice; once when the light enters from air to the lens then when the light leaves
-However in diagrams we usually simplify the diagram and only show one point of refraction (bend)

How does light travel through lenses? -Light going through a lense refracts twice; once when the light enters from air to the

Thin Lens & Magnification Equation
These are equations that can be used to
find and verify the characteristics of an image produced by lenses and/or the location of the object

Thin Lens & Magnification Equation These are equations that can be used to find and verify the characteristics of an image pr

Magnification Equation
-The equation is as follows 1/do + -1/di 1/ho+1/hi
-Tells us size of image, attitude, and magnification

Magnification Equation -The equation is as follows 1/do + -1/di 1/ho+1/hi -Tells us size of image, attitude, and magnificatio

Thin Lens Equation
-1/f = 1/do + 1/di
-Tells us the location and image type

Thin Lens Equation -1/f = 1/do + 1/di -Tells us the location and image type

Discovering the Properties of Light

What is Visible Light?
Visible light is a form of energy that can be seen by our eyes; it’s a section of waves from the the electromagnetic spectrum we can see
-Light can come from the sun,

What is the electromagnetic spetrum?
The electomagetic spectrum is a range of all forms of electromagnetic waves (organized from least amount of energy to most amount of energy)

What is the electromagnetic spetrum? The electomagetic spectrum is a range of all forms of electromagnetic waves (organized f

What is White Light?
White light is light that is made up of all the colors on the visible light spectrum; it's a combination of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet light.

How do we see color?
-All other colors of lisht is absorbed except the colr of the object which is reflected
-The color of the object can be seen is determined by chemicals in the object (e.g plants are green because they contain cholorophyll)

How do we see color? -All other colors of lisht is absorbed except the colr of the object which is reflected -The color of th

What are Properties of Light?
Properties of light are things we can use to descibe specific light incidents; we can talk about color, how it behaves, and evn it's energy.

How does light travel?
-Light travels in straight lines called light rays
-It travels through empty spaces

Behavior of Light
When light is emitted from a source and it collides with an object there are 3 things that could happen; the light can be absorbed, transmitted and/or reflected

Absorption
-No light passes through the object when light is absorbed
-The light energy is absorbed and converted into heat/thermal energy

Absorption -No light passes through the object when light is absorbed -The light energy is absorbed and converted into heat/t

Transmission
-The light is essentially transmitted or passes through the object

Transmission -The light is essentially transmitted or passes through the object

Reflection
-The light essentially bounces of the surface of the medium/object
-There are two types of reflection which depend on the object the light is reflecting off of

Reflection -The light essentially bounces of the surface of the medium/object -There are two types of reflection which depend

Law of Reflection
-When light bounces of plane (a flat reflective surface like a) mirror it states the angle of incidence is equal the angle of reflection
*Note:Curved mirrors are basically a bunch of small plane mirrors put together therefore there are many normals along the mirror and an angle of incidence will be equivalent to the angle of reflection

Sourfe:http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/Fermat.html

Law of Reflection -When light bounces of plane (a flat reflective surface like a) mirror it states the angle of incidence is

Types of reflection

Diffuse Reflection
-The light bounce back at different angles and is scattereing to all different directions
-The image produced isn't clear
-The object is usually rough and dull

Diffuse Reflection -The light bounce back at different angles and is scattereing to all different directions -The image prod

Specular Reflection
-This type occurs when light strikes a smooth usually shiny reflective surface
- The light rays reflect at the same angle as the angle of the source hitting the surface
-The image produced is clear

Specular Reflection -This type occurs when light strikes a smooth usually shiny reflective surface - The light rays reflect

Types Of Objects
The type of object is critical in determining how light will behave when it hits the given medium

Opaque
-Describes objects which do not allow any light to pass through (to be transmitted)
-Examples include wooden blocks, foam cups, rubber balls, Aluminium foil etc.

Source:https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0338/5478/3626/products/transparent_-transclucent_-opaque_670x.progressive.jpg?v=1603154546

Opaque -Describes objects which do not allow any light to pass through (to be transmitted) -Examples include wooden blocks, f

Transluscent
-Describes an object which allows some light to pass through
-Examples include frosted glass, wax paper, and fog

Source:https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0338/5478/3626/products/transparent_-transclucent_-opaque_670x.progressive.jpg?v=1603154546

Transluscent -Describes an object which allows some light to pass through -Examples include frosted glass, wax paper, and fog

Transparent
-Describes an object which allows all light to pass through
-Examples include clean glass, water, oxygen etc.
Source:https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0338/5478/3626/products/transparent_-transclucent_-opaque_670x.progressive.jpg?v=1603154546

Transparent -Describes an object which allows all light to pass through -Examples include clean glass, water, oxygen etc. Sou

Looking into the Mirror & Images Formed

What is a Mirror?
A mirror describes a smooth reflective surface

Plane Mirror
-A plane mirror is essentially a smooth, flat, reflective surface

Plane Mirror -A plane mirror is essentially a smooth, flat, reflective surface

Curved mirror
Curved mirrors are a type of mirror which are cut from a sphere

Curved mirror Curved mirrors are a type of mirror which are cut from a sphere

Convex Mirror
-A type of mirror who’s reflective surface bulges outwards and allows light rays to diverge (go off in opposite ways)
-Produce images with the same characteristics (wherever the object is located)

Convex Mirror -A type of mirror who’s reflective surface bulges outwards and allows light rays to diverge (go off in opposite

Concave Mirror
-A type of mirror which falls inward/curves away from a viewer and allows light rays to converge (bend inwards and eventually intersect)
-The characteristics of an image produced by concave mirrors depend on the location of the object

Concave Mirror -A type of mirror which falls inward/curves away from a viewer and allows light rays to converge (bend inwards

Possible images that can be formed using concave mirrors(using Ray Diagrams)

Mirror and Magnification Equation
These are equations that can be used to
find and verify the characteristics of an image produced by curved mirrors and/or
the location of the object

Magnification Equation
-Tells us the height of the (unknown) image
-The equation is as follows 1/do + -1/di= 1/ho+1/hi

Magnification Equation -Tells us the height of the (unknown) image -The equation is as follows 1/do + -1/di= 1/ho+1/hi

Mirror Equation
-The equation is : 1/f = 1/do + 1/di
-Tells us the distance between an (unknown) image

Mirror Equation -The equation is : 1/f = 1/do + 1/di -Tells us the distance between an (unknown) image