What I learned in Teaching, Learning, and Development
Developmental Differences
Principles of Development
Orderly and logical progression
Gradual
Quantitative and quantitative changes
Different people develop at different rates
Development base on principles of nature and nurture
Growth Mindset
Development includes
Social
Cognitive
look for connections
executive cognitive functioning
Organize, reflect, and co-ordinate thinking to achieve more efficient processing outcomes.
Piaget's four stages of cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operations
Formal Operations
Cognitive, Behavioural, Social, and Constructionist Views of Learning
Behaviour: Shaped by environment
Classical Conditioning: Pavlov's Dogs
Operant conditioning: Skinner's rats and pigeons
Constructivism, students constantly construct their own
Knowledge and understanding.
Cognitive
Assimilation and Accommodation
Domain-specific learning
Establishing a Positive Learning Environment
Stop quizzing memorization; quiz skills!
Stop testing memorization; test skills
Learning Environments influence
academic achievement
class behaviour
student health
student self-efficacy
student confidence
student feeling of belonging
student self-regulation
student/teacher relationship
Behaviour management
use Dynamic classroom management
use positive rewards instead of negative consequences
Making Instructional Decisions
Universal Instructional Design
Cognitive strategies
Metacogintion
Select-organize-integrate
1)selecting relevant information
2)organizing the selected information
3)integrating the organized information with
prior knowledge
types of instruction
direct instruction
student problem solving
project-based
Subtopic
Motivating students
help them to know that you care
challenge them
teach them effective stratigies
use diagnostic assessments
Subtopic
Consider backwards design
consider blooms taxonomy when deciding how to teach and how to evaluate learning
Knowing Your Students Know
"Repetition is the mother of learning"
visual
Kinesthetic
provide diagnostic assessments to know how
diagnostics will help determine what and how to teach
audio
Understanding by design
Assessment serves different purposes at
different times: it may be used to find out
what students already know and can do; it
may be used to help students improve their
learning; or may be used to let students and
their parents know how much they have
learned within a prescribed amount of time
Planning for the
upcoming school year
:Good planning includes considering
What will be taught
The order of the material presented
Methods and materials that will be used
The learning environment
How and when students will be assessed
Plan summative assesments when planning daily lesson plans
Create diagnostic assessments to evluate where your students are at
Use a 'top-down' approach when planning
Determine curriculum for the year and term
Break down curriculum into units
Determine daily lesson plans
End of the School Year
Standardized Testing
Pros
Opportunity for comparison
Allows province and country to reassess curriculum
Assess strengths and weakness of the system
Cons
Too frequent
Not valuable to student learning as students teach the test
Slowing in returning results
Never truly standardized
wide scale comparisons do not consider cultural difference
cannot evaluate problem-based leanring
imperfect instruemtns
Types of testing
Criterion-referenced: Student performance vs. Established criteria
Norm-referenced
Student performance vs. other student performance
Social-Cultural Expectations
Culture create diverse learners and the need for differentiated instruction. Aspects include:
Gender
race
Socio-economic status
Socio-economic status has a bigger impact on academic achievement than any other aspect
Teachers must develop a unique perspective to be able to be sensitive learners of all backgrounds
Parenting styles
authoritarian
parenting
permissive parenting
authoritative parenting
Aboriginal Education
Reasons why some of those of aboriginal decent may struggle in school:
Early school failures
Moving from school to school
Difficulty transitioning from elementary to secondary schools
Lack of parental support
Poor home-school communication
Lack of qualified teachers with a strong degree of proficiency in aboriginal studies
Individual Differences-Intellectual Abilities and Challenges
use the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children to determine intellectual abilities and differences,
Special Education Considerations
High-incident Expectations: mild disabilities
Move from segregated classrooms to integration with other students; segregation could cause more harm than good.
Teachers should plan how they will include students of various learning capacities
Consider making a cognitive ability profile
IEP: individual education programs
Subtopic
Low-incident Expectations: strong disabilities