Biology only works because of chemistry, since the body is composed of atoms and the life process is dependent on oxygen which is an element which relates back to chemistry. Both fields focus on the study of matter and it's interactions. Chemistry provides an understanding of the molecular structure of amino acids and how they bond to make proteins.
The emission of certain substances to the atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect contributing to the global warming. Chemical pollution can affect the delicate balance of the Earth's ecosystems. Mining, agriculture and waste disposal have caused substantial soil pollution. The presence of heavy metals like cadmium, mercury and lead can affect soil quality and reduce the number of micro-organisms that support soil fertility Greenhouse gases (CO2)
Absorption of solar radiation
Gamma rays kill cancer cells The eye is part of the nervous system
Biology is a factor of CC and is one of the reasons why CC is affecting biology, for example like animal extinction, animal migration, etc Not just animals but also humans, humans play a key role in CC and humans have polluted oceans, skies and grounds with waste which creates global warming. Also, survival and reproduction depend on how well they can adapt to the climate, which is how the two are related.
Gives off energy

SNC2D

Climate Change

Science behind CC (Carbon Combustion)

Subtopic

Natural causes of CC

Changes in the sun, orbital variation, solar variability, volcanic activity, tectonic activity

Travel 4 Climate

Effects of CC

Warmer temperatures

Global warming

Severe storms

Increased drought

A warming and rising ocean

Loss of species

Not enough food

More health risks

Poverty and displcaement

Actions towards CC

Mitigation and Adaptation

Mitigation - Making the impacts of climate change less severe by preventing or reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere.

Adaptation - Taking action to prepare for and adjust to both the current effects of climate change the predicted impacts in the future.

Bike lanes

The emission of certain substances to the atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect contributing to the global warming

Light and Optics

Terms:

Electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength, frequency, amplitude, light waves

Sheep Eye Diagram & Terms:

Subtopic

Retina
Cornea
Pupil
Aqueous Humor
Iris
Lens
Vitreous Humor
Sclera
Tapetum
Optic Nerve
Blind Spot

Retina - The layer of light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye, detects images from the cornea and the lens. it is connected to the brain by the optic nerve.

The retina is located at the back of the eye

Cornea - A tough, clear covering over the iris and the pupil that helps protect the eye. Light bends as it passes through the cornea. The cornea begins bending light to make an image; the lens finishes the job.

Pupil - The dark circle in the center of the iris, it's a hole that lets light into the inner eye. The pupil is round and a cow's pupil is oval.

Aqueous Humor - A clear fluid that helps the cornea keep it's rounded shape

Iris - A muscle the controls how much light enters the eye. It is suspended between the cornea and the lens. A cow's iris is brown. Human irises come in many colors including brown, blue, green, and gray.

Lens - A clear, flexible structule that makes an image on the eye's retina. The lens is flexible so that it can change it's shape and focuses on objects that are close up and objects far away.

Vitreous Humor - A thick, clear jelly that helps give the eyeball it's shape.

Sclera - A thick, tough, white outer covering of the eyeball.

Tapetum - The colorful, shiny material located behind the retina. it's in animals with good night vision, the tapetum reflects light back through the retina.

Example: Cats eyes shine when looking at them.

Optic Nerve - The bundle of nerve fibres that carry information from the retina to the brain.

Blind Spot - The place where all nerves from the retina join to form the optic nerve. Each eye has a blind spot where there are no light-sensitive cells.

Mirrors

Plane Mirrors

Example: The average mirror in a bathroom

Concave

Mirrors that go inward
Example: binoculars, telescopes

Convex

Example: Car side mirrors, fish eye lense, hallway safety mirrors

SALT

S = Size
A = Attitude
L = Location
T = Type

Size - Is the image smaller, bigger or the same size as the object.

Attitude - Is the image upright or inverted compared to the object.

Location - Where is the image located? In front of or behind the mirror

Type - Is it a virtual or a real image?

Chem -

Chemistry

Atoms vs Ions

Bohr-Rutherford

2 electrons fill the first shell and then 8 fill any other shell in the diagram.

Lewis Dot Diagrams

Only shows the electrons in the valence shell

Nomenclature for Compounds

Recall:

Atoms (Oxygen atom)

Molelcules (Oxygen -O2)

Compounds (Carbon Dioxide CO2)

Compounds are pure substances

With two or more atoms combined to create a larger molecule that has certain properties

There are 2 types of compounds, ionic and molecular.

Ionic Compound properties have a crystal form, hard, brittle solids, when dissolved, can conduct electricity due to the ions,

They are made of a metal + non-metal (Cation + Anion).

Electrons are given and taken by the metal and non-metal.

Ionic Bond between elements (attract due to + and - charges)

Balance charges to create the compound.

Molecular Compounds properties are soft, dissolve in water but don't conduct electricity and have low melting points

Made from a Non-Metal and Non-Metal

Electrons are shared between the elements

Covalent (molecular) bond between elements (attract due to sharing electrons)

Uses prefixes when naming (mono, di, tri, etc.)

Chemical reactions

Equations

Reactants --> Products (the arrow means "reacts to produce"

Balancing chemical equations

Word Equation
Skeleton/formula equation
Balanced chemical equation

Types of Reactions

Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Displacement, Double Displacement

Synthesis - When 2 elements become one compound

Decomposition - When elements breakdown (decompose)

Single displacement - When one element is substituted for another element in a compound

Double displacement - When two elements is substituted for another in a compound

Periodic Table of Elements

Biology

Plant cells

Cell wall
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Membrane
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Rough ER (Endoplasmic reticulum)
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus

Cell wall - A thick membrane that surrounds the plant cell and gives sup0port and structure.

Cell membrane - Regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

Vacuole - A large membrane-bound space within a plant cell that is filled with fluid. Helps maintain the shape of the cell.

Nucleus - Controls many of the functions of the cell.

Nucleolus - An organelle within the nucleus where ribosomes are produced

Nuclear Membrane - Membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Chloroplast - Contains cholorophyll and where photosynthesis takes place

Mitochondrion - Converts energy stored in glucose into ATP

Cytoplasm - Jelly like material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.

Rough ER - Transport materials through the cell and produces proteins

Smooth ER - Transports materials through the cell, it contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids and membrane proteins.

Ribosomes - Small organelles found throughout the cell

Golgi apparatus - Packages proteins and carbohydrates.

Animal cells

Cell Membrane
Lysosome
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Membrane
Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus

Cell membrane - Regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

Lysosome - Containing digestive enzymes where digestion of cell nutrients take place.

Nucleus - Controls many of the functions of the cell.

Nucleolus - An organelle within the nucleus where ribosomes are produced

Nuclear Membrane - Membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Vacuole - Fills with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.

Mitochondrion - Converts energy stored in glucose into ATP

Cytoplasm - Jelly like material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.

Rough ER - Transport materials through the cell and produces proteins

Smooth ER - Transports materials through the cell, it contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids and membrane proteins.

Ribosomes - Small organelles found throughout the cell

Golgi apparatus - Packages proteins and carbohydrates.

Cell theory

All plants and animal cells are composted up of cells and the cell is the most basic unit of life.

Cell Division - PMAT

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Prophase - The first stage of cell division
Metaphase - The second stage of cell division
Anaphase - The third stage of cell division, cells pull away
Telophase - The last stage of cell division

Animal and plant tissues

Animal tissues
----
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Epithelial - Absorb substances
Connective - Provide support
Muscle - Controls movement
Nervous - Processing information form externally and internally and then triggers a response

Plant tissues
----
Meristematic
Epidermal
Ground
Vascular

Meristematic - Formation of new organs
Epidermal - Provides a protective barrier
Ground - Sto0res food and water
Vascular - Transport pathways for water, nutrients, etc.