Snow leopards^

to a snow leopard, is the same!

The left ventricle

they then go through a valve to the left ventricle, and out your aorta (the biggest artery) to your body

the left atrium

is where the now oxygenated blood comes back from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

the right ventricle

the deoxygenated blood goes next through the valve, to the right ventricle, then out through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to carry back oxygen

the right atrium

the deoxygenated blood comes in from our body, and goes through the superior and inferior vena cava (the biggest vein in the body)

The blood vessels (of which there are 3 types)

The artery

takes oxygenated blood away from heart and to your body

the vein

carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart

the capillary

takes oxygen, nutrients and blood throughout the body

accessory organs

the salivary glands

producing saliva which has the enzyme amylase and this helps break down food in your mouth

the pancreas

of secreting juice into the duodenum, which include enzyme's, a base to neutralize stomach acid and hormones to regulate the storage of glucose

the gallbladder

stores bile made by liver and sends it to the duodenum

the liver

producing bile, removing alcohol and toxins from the body, storing vitamins and carbohydrates

the rectum

of storing stool until it goes out through the anus

the small intestine

the small intestine gets digestive juices from the pancreas and gallbladder, the first part is the duodenum where enzymes come in, the jejunum is where the digestion continues and absorbtion starts, the illeum is where the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodtsream by vili, which are covered in capillaries

the large intestine

of absorbing water and vitamins and eliminating waste

creating stomach acid or digestive juices that break down your food, then the digested food called chyme, goes to your small intestine

the esophagus

the esophagus, with the help of peristalsis, which is the contraction of muscles to push the food down your esophagus to your stomach

the mouth

the mouth is where the food is chewed and bile is released by the gallbladder

the nose/mouth

bringing in the air, to our windpipe/trachea

gas exchange occurs, from capillary to alveoli, via diffusion to get the co2 out, or from alveoli to capillary, where oxygen attaches to hemoglobin and with the help of the heart, sends it all throughout the body

the bronchioles

the air passes to the alveoli

the left and right bronchi lead to, inside that, we have the next step, the bronchioles

the bronchi

tubes that connect to each lung on each side

the trachea

a long pipe lined with cartilage and sends the air down to your bronchi,

domain: eukarya

Animilia

Chordata

Mammalia

carnivora

felidae

panthera

3 layers

the different/ variety of habitats found in a location

the variety of genes in a species

the variety of species in a ecosystem

Taxonomy

kingdom

Eukarya

plantae

bryophyta

all non-vascular plants on land, including mosses, liverworts and hornworts

pteridophyta (ferns)

Vascular plants that do not produce seeds nor flowers (so fern leafs)

coniferophyta

The seeds of this group are called “naked” (not contained in an ovary or fruit), this group includes Conifers, Pines, Spruces,

anthophyta

plants that produce flowers (flowering plants), seeds are in ovary/fruit.

Fungi

mushroom, yeast, mold, is heterotrophic and multicellular

Animilia

Nematoda

roundworms, non segmented, usually parasitic

Cnidaria

things like jellyfish, coral, anemones (radial symmetry)

Plathelminthes

flat, tapeworms, soft bodied invertebrate, also have bilateral symmetry

Porifera

sponges or usually in the sea, and have pores

is Prokarya

(domain) Bacteria

modern bacteria

(domain) Archaea

archaea means archaic or ancient bacteria, they live in extreme environments

Phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

DNA

meiosis

mitosis

is the process of cells duplicating

PMAT

Anaphase

Telophase

Metaphase

Prophase

a sugar, a nitrogenous group and a phosphate group

A common ancestor

made rules for natural selection

individuals within a population differ (they can't all be the same)

only traits that can be selected by nature are heritable (they can be passed down)

some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others

the most fit trait will be the most likely to be passed down

the idea that those most fit or the best adapted to their environment will be the ones to live, reproduce and pass on those beneficial traits

many other types of selection

directional selection

when an extreme version of a trait is favoured, which results in a shift away from the norm

stabilizing selection

selection against traits that are different from the current population norm

Disruptive selection

favouring two or more traits that are different from the current population norm

female mate choice

when a female favours a certain physical, or behavioral trait, which is then the trait that is mostly passed down, as the best "mate" would be one with such a trait and mostly reproduced with

male-male competition

when male's fight each other to show their power/strength and whoever comes out stronger would get the female mate

vicariance

the change or separation of land masses, which split apart species and made them evolve differently (the animals didn't move, the land did)

dispersal

a species is pressured by overcrowding or some other sort of pressure which forces individuals to leave a certain are

Genetic drift

when there's a change in the gene pool due to the population reducing by chance, there are 2 types

bottleneck effect

is when a large amount of the population is wiped out due to natural disasters or human interference

founders effect

is when a small number from a population move and colonize a habitat

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence of a body, this can be a deletion, base pair substitution, or insertion

harmful mutation

a mutation that harms a species

neutral mutations

mutations that have no affect

germline/somatic mutations

when the mutation will get passed down

when the mutation will no be passed down, so no evolution

beneficial mutations

any mutation that benefits a species

of evidence

fossils

DNA

used by looking at the DNA sequence of different species and seeing how similar/different they are

biogeoghraphy

the movement of land masses, which distributed species/spread them apart

comparative anatomy

comparing the body structure of different species to see what's similar/different

features that evolved and now serve no purpose but once did

features that don't come from the same origin but have similar purposes

a structure that started with a same origin but may now serve different purposes

embryology

the study of the forming or development of an embryo and fetus, we usually compare how 2 different embryo's look

snow leopards and tigers both diveraged from the miacid around 3.9 million years, then snow leopards branched from tigers 3.2 million years after

Primary producers in almost all food chains

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absorb vital minerals through the soil

take the glucose that is created during photosynthesis

can store water and carbohydrates

cacti

gives support

connect vascular tissues in the leaf to the root

maximizes the light exposure

photosynthesis

the carbon dioxide that comes through the leafs stoma, which is in he top, the cells that make up the surface are called epidermal cells, then goes through the mesophyll, then to the pallisade cells absorb the light from the sun

teas

herbs

treating diseases like leukimia

for cuts and bruises

starts off with pollination, which happnes by the wind, water or pollinators

Fertilization happens, pollen tubes carry male gametes to ovules in the ovary, forming a zygote

Fruit Development starts! The ovary becomes fruit, protecting seeds.

Seed Dispersal happens, Seeds spread by wind, water, animals, or other means, later, Germination starts, seeds grow into new plants under favorable conditions.

this can happen by, budding, fragmentation, spore formation and vegetative propagation

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many purposes

eating (for food)

in agriculture

in dyes or chemicals

contribute to biodiversity

in many medicines

creating a clean environment (eg. trees)

fighting against climate change and absorbing co2, releasing oxygen

providing herbivores with food, no plants, no herbivores who rely on them

water to land, from being simple to more complex

cell walls

walls right outside the membrane in plants to give structure and support

autotrophic

an organism that produces it's own food using light

alteration

Eukaryotic

an organism that has a nucleus and membrane organelles

Floating topic