SVN3M | Environmental Science 2020-2021 Course Summary 🌳

Provides energy to allow movement

Classifying energy resources

Uranium

Fossil fuels

Concentrated sources of chemical energy

Not expensive

Coal

Ways that coal is mined

Surface mining

Underground mining

Dangers of coal mining

Dangerous occupation

Water pollution

Land degradation

Air pollution

Oil

Also known as reserviors

Dangers of oil extraction

Land degradation

Water pollution

Air pollution

Tanker leaks

Aquatic organisms and birds harmed

Air pollution

Ways that oil is extracted

Mining & steam

Extraction via SAGD

Natural Gas

Hydraulic fracturing

Trapped above oil deposits

Trapped within crystals of frozen water

Arctic permafrost

Alberta oil sands controversy

Coated in bitumen

Worlds largest and accessible oil sands reserve

1.7 trillion barrels of oil

10% of it is economically recoverable

Solar

Produced by sun

Passive, active & photovoltaic collection

Subtopic

Wind

Kinetic energy

Wind farm

Hydro

Accelerated by gravity

Dams

Turbines

Generators

Niagara falls

Geothermal

Heat from Earth

Renewable

Ring of fire

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Electricity Generation

Geothermal Heat Pumps

Types of plants

Dry Steam Plants

Flash Steam Plants

Binary Power Plants

Biomass

Organic material from plants and animals

Types of biofuels

Ethanol

Biodiesel

Wave & tidal

High tide

Low tide

Barrages

Accumulate potential energy

Tidal turbines

Domestic Tidal Power

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Heat engines

Wave energy

General information

Pumping fluid

High pressure

Shale to fracture

Water (90%)

Sand (9.5%)

Chemicals (0.5%)

Fracking in Canada

Under moderation due to Geology

Triggers earthquakes

Indigenous ownership key to reconciling oil industry

Fission

Thermal energy

Land-pollution and solid waste management

Types of soil pollutants

Heavy Metals

Dioxins

Pesticides, fertilizers and other agricultural Products

Lead

Cadmium

Man-made causes

Industrial waste

Urbanization

Mining

Agriculture waste

Domestic waste & garbage

Radioactive wastes

Hazards from waste

Municipal sold waste

Hazardous waste

Nuclear waste

Bioremediation

In situ Bioremediation

Ex situ bioremediation:

Controlling land pollution

Reducing volume

Biodegradable wastes

Yard clippings

Leaves

Branches

branches

Solid waste classification

Solid waste

E-waste

Liquid waste

Plastic waste

Metal waste

Nuclear waste

Agriculture waste

Hospital waste

Mining waste

Effects of solid waste

Disease-causing organisms

Causing water pollution

Air pollution

Reduces aesthetic value

Control measures

Collection of soild waste

By city municipality

Rag pickers

Transportation of Solid Waste

Disposal of Solid Waste

Open dumping

Landfills

Ocean dumping

Incineration

Composting

Reduction at source

Refuse, reduce and reuse

Repair

Recycle

Pollution prevention act

Managing waste

Recycling

Wastewater

Household

Agriculture

Industry

Stirn water

Sewage water

Treating sweage

Septic systems

Municipal Sewage Treatment

Treating Storm Water

Trash fashion

Bidet

Popular in Italy, Portugal, Japan, Argentina, and Venezuela

Invented in France

Subtopic

Photosynthesis ceases

No sunlight

Increasing temperatures

Trees expel unusually more CO2

Temperature thresholds

Temperate forests

18 degrees C

Tropical forests

28 degrees C

Range of temperatures

Determines optimal performance

Urban forestry

Long-term planning

Urban environments

Heat island effect

Urban forests & green roof

Shade

Cooling from evaporation

Heat absorption

Insulation

Tardigrade

Nature's smallest animal

Soil

Soil components

4 main components

Mineral matter

Air

Water

Organic material

Layers of soil

Profile

Topsoil

Roots

Nutrients

Humus

Organic material

Living organisms

Worms, insects, soil bacteria & fungi

Breaks down nutrients

Soil properties

Texture

Porosity

pH

Landscaping/deck building

Furniture selling

Arts

Gardening/farming

Forest management

Trees dominate ecosystem

Canada’s forests make up 10% of
world forests

Basic structures

Boreal

Deciduous

Temperate

Tropical

Abiotic & Biotic factors

Canopy

Understory

Forest Floor

Roles & Services

Forestry contribution to ecosystem

Reduce soil erosion

Store carbon

Cycle nutrients

Carbon

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Water purification

Provide habitats

Timber resources

Non-timber resources

Food

Medicine & personal care products

Craft & wood-carving

Tourism

Silviculture Methods

Development & management of forests

Harvest timber & regenerate trees

Tree species

Age of the trees

Condition of the site

Types of Clearcutting

Clear cutting

Removal of trees

Selective Cutting

Shelterwood System

Sustainable forestry

Protect biodiversity

Harvest timber sustainably

Leave Organic Matter in place

Regenerate after harvesting

Certify sustainably managed forests

Value ecosystem services

Monoculture

Growth of a single crop

Saame species

Attractive to farmers

Synthetic fertilizers

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

Concerns

Impact on aquatic ecosystems

Algal blooms leading to fish kills

Synthetic Pesticides

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Effects on Ecosystems

Resistance

Irrigation

70% of water consumption

Amounts vary in each country

Types

Surface irrigation

Spray irrigation

Drip irrigation

Genetically Modified Crops

Inserting modified DNA into an organism

DNA from any source

Purpose

Insect resistance

Herbicide resistance

Virus resistance

Improve crops

Aesthetics

Sustainable agriculture

With no compromises

Polyculture

Diverse species

Methods

Companion planting

Corns

Beans

Squash

Soil conservation

Reduces soil errosion

Strip Cropping

Maintains soil fertility

Crop rotation

Diversification of crops

Perserves soil nutrients

Subtopic

Compost

Mulch

Green manure

Pest Management

Types

Chemical substances crop rotation

Biological organisms

Controls pest poulatuion

Sustainable meat production

Smart Pasture Operations

Rotational grazing

Polycultures

Organic farming + wild species

Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999

Technology, Legislation, & Emissions Reductions

Limit emissions from manufacturing plants and products

Industries & Emission Reductions

Reduced amount of VOCs from gas tanks and crankcase

Catalytic converters

Converts pollutants into harmless substances

Power Plant Emissions

Effective for removing oxides

Particulate Matter Emissions

New air quality guidelines (Federal, provincial & municipal governments)

Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards

Atmosphere

Blanket of air surrounding Earth

Layers of gases

Oxygen and nitrogen.

5 atmospheric layers

EXOSPHERE

THERMOSPHERE

MESOSPHERE

STRATOSPHERE

TROPOSPHERE

Air pollution

Sulphurous smog

Cool weather, coal burning

Photochemical smog

Reduced visibility & high oxidant levels

Indoor air pollution

Asbestos

Moulds (fungi)

Bacteria

Radon gas

Sick building syndrome (SBS)

Collection of illnesses from poor air quality

Power Plant Emissions

Motor Vehicle Emissions

Canadian cans of fresh air

Point pollution

Source can be pinpointed

Non-point pollution

Source cnnot be pinpointed

Water lifecycle

Gas, solid and liquid in Earth’s atmosphere

Makes life on Earth possible

Organisms contain over 50% liquid water

Fills cells and supports their structure

Provides life-sustaining chemical reactions

Purpose of water

Food

Shelter and Energy

Health & Hygiene

Manufacturing

Transportation

Recreation & Beauty

Factors affecting water quality

Bacteria carries out beneficial processes (Breaking down of organic wastes, etc.)

Cause diseases (Celiac disease, etc.)

Gastrointestinal diseases that produce toxins

Bacteria, viruses, and parasites endangering human health

Pathogens causing cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis, & polio

Organisms

Organisms Magnify Water Pollutants

Organic chemicals are resistant to degradation

Phytoplankton & bacteria

Bioaccumulation

Consume a lot of prey

Biomagnification

Sharks, fish-eating birds, and humans

Organism Overgrowth & Water Pollution

Phosphorus & nitrogen

Eutrophication

Produce toxins

Shellfish can cause serious illness

Attack an organism’s nervous system

Approaches to Manage Water

Earth Observation (EO) satellites

UV Water Sterilization

LifeSaver Bottle

Solar Ovens

Wetlands