Systems of the Body
Digestive System
The Mouth
The Esophagus
The Stomach
The Intestine
Between the stomach + anus.
Produces mucus.
Large Intestine
Absorbs water from remaining
leftover food
Small Intestine
Absorbs nutrients and minerals
from food.
Accessory Organs
Liver
Produces bile.
A liquid that breaks down fats in our food
Pancreas
Produces insulin.
Breaks down the sugar that is consumed.
Regulates our glucose level.
Gall Bladder
Stores bile that is created by the liver.
Circulatory System
Blood (4 components)
Red Blood Cells
-Most plentiful
-Makes up about 50% of
the blood's volume
-Has a protein called hemoglobin
-Hemoglobin allows red blood cells to transport oxygen through the body
-Hemoglobin makes cells red
White Blood Cells
-Recognizes + destroys invading bacteria
-Less than 1% of the blood's volume
-Only blood cells to have a nucleus
Platelets
-Tiny cells that help in the case of
blood clotting
-Makes up less than 1% of the
volume of blood
Plasma
-Protein rich liquid
-Carries blood cells through the
circulatory system
-Makes up over 50% of the
blood's volume
The Heart (3 types of tissue)
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
-Special tissue only found in the heart
-All cardiac muscles in the heart
contract at the same time
-Pumps blood around the body
Nerve Tissue
Connective Tissue
Blood Vessels can be:
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
(under greater pressure than
blood in other vessels)
Veins
Capillaries
Are tiny blood vessels with very
thin walls that allow substances
to diffuse between blood and other
body fluids.
Respiratory System
Lungs
(air containing oxygen
carbon dioxide, and
other gases)
The Mouth/The Nose
The Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
Alveoli (singular: alveolus)
Gas Exchange
Oxygen
Bloodstream
Musculoskeletal System
Muscular System
-Consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins
-Proteins cause the muscle to contract
-Contracting of the muscles causes them to get shorter and thicker
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle (voluntary)
Voluntary muscles allow you to control
them with a conscious thought.
Always work in opposing pairs or groups
Smooth Muscles (involuntary)
Involuntary muscles expand and
contract without a conscious thought. you aren't able to control these muscles.
Cardiac Muscle
Only in the heart, another example
of a smooth muscle (involuntary)
Muscles can pull but not push.
Skeletal System
Bones
-Hard and dense
-Consists of bone cells within matrix of minerals (mainly Calcium and Phosphorus) and collagen fibres
-Canals inside bones have nerves + blood vessels
-Small percentage of bone tissue is living
-Stores calcium and other minerals that are needed by the organism
Ligaments
-Tough, elastic, connective tissues
that hold bones together at the joints
-Made up of mostly long fibres of collagen
Cartilage
-Dense connective tissue mainly found in the ear, nose, esophagus, disks between vertebrae, and joints
-Made up of special cells in a matrix of collagen fibres
-Provides strong, flexible, low-friction support for bones and other tissues
-prevents damage to the ends of bones
Nervous System
Made up of the brain, spinal cord
and peripheral nerves
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal cord
Skull protects the brain.
Spine guards protect the spinal cord.
Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.
-Cushions the brain and spinal cord from injury
-Transports chemicals and removes waste produced by the brain
Shielded by bones.
Peripheral Nervous System
(3 groups of nerves)
Control the voluntary muscles
Carry info from sensory organs, like eyes ears, tastebuds, and touch receptors to the brain.
Regulate involuntary functions
like breathing heartbeat and digestion.
Nerve Tissue
Made of special cells called neurons
An estimation of 100 billion neurons in the brain
Conducts electrical signals from one area of the body to another.
Axons of limited neurons are covered by myelin.
Myelin acts like insulation on an electrical wire.
Prevents electrical impulses from passing to the wrong neuron.
Neurons in the central nervous system don't regenerate easily. Some neurons in the peripheral nervous system regrow to repair a very small gap that is only a few millimetres apart between severed nerves.
Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Sensory Receptors receive input from our internal and external environment. Signals are sent along the peripheral nerves to our central nervous system.