Scientific Revolution

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Questions and Answers

Q:Why did Scientists and mathematicians find it difficult to share thier discoveries with the rest of the world? how were they treated in society?

" Crooked things may be as stiff and unflexible as straight: and men may be as positive in error as in truth" (John Locke). This quote is one of my favorites because it's basically saying that people should be open to new things, because if they don't allow new opinions and corrections to previously believed thing, they'll remained crooked and wrong. This quote is so true, and profound to me because it is the story of my life. I am those men that are positive in error, i refuse to admit that i am wrong when it is obvious that the other perosn i right. If i were to just accept the truth, that i might be wrong, maybe i would grow faster and learn more. I would be more accepting to change even perhaps. The reason John Locke said this was because he was trying to tell people that they should allow the new ideas and concepts of the era to be held true, despite the pride that would be lost if they admitted to being wrong.

Q:Why was the spread of scientific/mathematical knowledge so difficult?

Scientific Revolution all of these new intelectual and social movements allowed for the Age of Reason, as well as the Scientific Revolution.

Roots of Modern Science

With the begining of the Scientific Revolution new ideas and opinions about the natural world began to be devoloped. These new ideas allowed for astronomy, physics, and mathematics to be taught at college levels.

With explorers discovering new culutures and animals, the possibility that there were new truths to be found, opened up. New ideas contradicted original beliefs and discoveries by early scholars.

Some example of discoveries that went along with the bible were: the Earth is the center of the universe, the Earth is unmoving, etc...

Before 1500, many people along with several scholars decided what was true and false in the world by simply referring to the Bible. Any statment that went against the Bible was wrong, despite the viable evidence.

The Scientific Method

Rene Descartes devoloped analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry: this created a vital new tool for scientic research, and allowed for research to be prooven true by reason.

Several scientist began to go out and observe the world for themselves, and taking from it their own ideas and conclusions. This method referred to as the experimental method, and was highly urged by Francis Bacon.

Revolution in scientific thinking allowed for the devolopment of the scientifi method; the scientific method used a logical procedure for gathering an testing ideas through a set process.

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

Due to new discoveries and scientific ideas, including those of Galileo, the Catholic and Protestant leaders became worried that since these new finding went against church teachings and authority, that people would begin to question the teachings of the church itself.

Later discoveries by Galileo prooved several of Aristotle's ideas in science to be wrong. Galileo prooved Aristotle's pendululm idea wrong; prooved Aristole to be wrong again when he discovered that all object fall at the same speed; and also contradicted Aristotle's theory that the moon and stars were made of a pure and perfect substance. Galileo also built his own telescope, and announced that Jupiter has four moons and that the sun had dark spots.

First challenge to scientific thinking was the doubt in the geocentric theory that stated the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. These doubts lead to research that later prooved that the sun was the center of the universe and everything else revolved around it; this was called the heliocentric theory.

Newton Explains the Law of Gravity

Though Newton challenged many ideas of the church with his scientific breakthroughs, he was a strong believer that God was the creater of this orderly universe, the clockmaker who had set everything in motion, and we were simply following his plans for us.

Connection between motion on earth and motion in space was referred to as law of universal gravitation. According to this law, every object in the universe attracts every other object; the degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.

Newton studied mathematics and physics, allowing him to tie together all the theories of prior scientists into one single theory of motion. Which stated that the same force ruled the motions of the planets, the pendulum, and all matter on earth and in space.

Discoveries in Chemistry

Joseph Priestley seperated one pure gas from air, that was later called oxygen by the scientist Antoine Lavoisier.

Robert Boyle is the founder of modern chemistry thanks to his laws that explain how the volume, temperatue, and pressure of gas affect each other. This research contradicted Aristotle's idea that claimed the world consisted of four elements- earth, fire, water, and air.

Medicine and the Human Body

Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox by inoculating humans with germs of the cowpox disease: this allowed for permanant protection from smallpox.

William Harvey did research on the human heart and found that the heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. He also learned of the function of blood vessels.

Andreas Vesalius prooved Galen wrong by disscting a corpse rather than relaying on other animal's anatomy and the idea that human anatomy was similar in other animals. ANdreas also made a book that containted detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscles.

Many physicians had accepted the facts about human anatomy from the ancient Greek physician named Galen.

Scientific Instruments

Gabriel Fahrenheit devoloped the first thermometer that used mercury inside glass. He created a temperature scale or Fahrenheit; another scientist created a scale that we know today as Celsisus.

Evangelista torricelli was the first to devolop a mercury barometer, which measured atmospheric pressure and predicted weather.

Anton Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings through a microscope. He also saw red blood cells for the first time. Through his research he was able to disproove spontanteous generation.

The first microscrope was invented by Zacharias Janssen.