BIODIVERSITY

is affected by

disease

which can be induced by

viruses

considered non-living because

unlike living organisms, they cannot reproduce on their own

whose structure consists

protein coat

with patterns able to that
enable into a host cell

nucleic acid

a small piece of either RNA or DNA

tail fibres

which puncture bacteria

who may reproduce via

lytic cycle

in which

the bacteriophage (bacterial attacking virus) attaches to the host cell, infiltrating it with viral DNA

the host cell is forced to make copies of the viral DNA and assemble viral proteins

once enough copies are there, the cell bursts, and thus new viruses are released and infect more cells

lysogenic cycle

in which

the bacteriophage (bacterial attacking virus) attaches to the host cell, infiltrating it with viral DNA

virus incorporates its DNA into the chromosome of the bacteria

when the cell reproduces, the viral DNA is reproduced as well

for example

which affects respiratory, nervous, and digestive systems

can affect not only birds, but other animals, including humans

overexploitation

of

animals

done via hunting/fishing, with
examples such as

shark finning

a barbaric practice in which
shark are caught, have their fins cut, and then are released back into
the ocean

which

threatens the survival of sharks, which are endangered

the extinction
of steller's sea cows

due to

exploitation of their
fur, fat, and meat

habitats

done via

deforestation

a process in which
forests are massively
cleared

in order to

make space
for construction
and resource
extraction

which leads to

habitat loss

in which animals lose access to the
resources that they need to survive

pollution

which may be caused by

coal for electricity
generation

which causes emissions of

sulfur dioxide & mercury

which leads to

acid rain

which

alters pH levels
of various habitats,
such as water, soil,

pesticide
usage

which refers to

the use of toxic chemicals
in order to repel unwanted
species

which leads to

risking the population
of non-targeted species

example

bee populations are
decreasing - one factor
is the use of pesticides in the flowers that they pollinate

which leads to

increased difficulty of
reproduction
for flowering plants

scarcity of diet staples
for species that consume flowering plants

pesticide runoff

in which

pesticides reach bodies of water,
thus affecting the species that inhabit the water

invasive
species

in which

non-native
species are introduced to
an ecosystem

which leads to

native species being preyed upon
by invaders

causing

changes in the populations
of organisms in the ecosystem, creating imbalance

native species being competed
against for food and other
resources

example

zebra mussels

caused by

discharge of ballast
water in 1988

which reproduce
at a faster rate
than native mussels

lack natural predators

some areas have over a million mussels per square metre

which

can lower oxygen levels
in the waters

climate change

which leads to

disease outbreak

insects, who are quick
to adapt to new climates,
will have more human contact

leading to outbreaks of

SARS, H1N1, and
other diseases spread
to humans by insects

species migration

animals will migrate to areas with
climates suitable to their needs, which
changes the balance of both their
previous and new environment

extreme weather

increasing frequency of ice storms, droughts, and floods

which

drastically affects biodiversity levels at rapid rates

loss of water availability

due to increased drought,
water becomes even more
scarce in warm environments

is comprised of

living organisms

divided into

prokaryotes

monera

including two genera

eubacteria

morphology

cell walls with
peptidoglycan

an envelop that
protects the membrane

shapes can include

cube, pyramidal, stars, etc.

methods of nutrition

heterotrophic

autotrophic

capable of photosynthesis

conversion of light energy into
usable energy for the bacteria

living conditions

can be anaerobic

capable of living in environments
without oxygen

means of reproduction
include

binary fission

the cell elongates and
a septum is formed,
from which the cell splits

conjugation

in which two cells can exchange DNA, using plasmid rings that contain DNA

transformation

in which the cell receives fragments of DNA from another cell

endospores

a bacteria that can withstand long periods in unfavorable conditions

in which

a wall like structure forms around them to build resistance

and

regenerates upon return of favorable condtions

which can be

gram positive

layer of peptidoglycan is thick

gram negative

in which

layer of peptidoglycan is thin

tested for gram negativity/positivity with

gram staining

in which

crystal violet dye is applied to the cell wall

positive retains the purple dye

negative doesn't retain the dye, turns pink

archaebacteria

morphology

cell walls lack
peptidoglycan

shapes can include

plates, some without cell walls

cube, pyramidal, stars, etc.

methods of nutrition

heterotrophic

autotrophic

capable of methanogenesis

metabolic process that results in the formation of methane

living conditions

can be aerobic

capable of living in environments
without oxygen

often described as

extremophiles

consisting of

thermophiles

archaea that live in environments with temperature over 45 degrees

methanogens

archaea that live in environments without oxygen

halophiles

archaea that live in environments with high amounts of salt

acidophiles

archaea that live in acidic environments

means of reproduction
include

binary fission

the cell elongates and
a septum is formed,
from which the cell splits

conjugation

in which two cells can exchange DNA, using plasmid rings that contain DNA

transformation

in which the cell receives fragments of DNA from another cell

eukaryotes

protists

which can be

fungus like

which are

similar to fungi because

they feed on decaying matter

producers of
spores

animal like

such as

which are

similar to animals
due to

heterotrophic lifestyle

cannot make their
own food; subsist on eating
matter surrounding them

an ability to move

and they can have

cilia

small hairlike organelles
that can allow for
a swimming
type of motion

pseudopodia

cellular extensions
made of cytoplasm,
allows for movement in
desired direction

translates to "false feet"

different from
animals due to the fact
that they are

unicellular, unlike
animals

plant like

such as

single celled

multicellular

which are

similar to plants
due to

the presence of
chloroplasts

an organelle that allows
for growth using light energy

different from plants
because

they can be
multicellular
OR unicellular

unlike most plants,
lack roots, seeds,
and flowers

which may
reproduce

asexually

via

binary fission

fragmentation

asexual spores

sexually

via

fusing haploid gametes

fungi

whose major
phyla include

Zygomycota

which reproduce via

sexual spores, able to withstand extensive periods of cold or dry conditons

examples

Basidiomycota

which reproduce via

a basidium, which is a club shaped cell with sexual spores

examples

Ascomycota

which reproduce via

asci, which are sacs
with sexual spores

examples

chytridomycota

which reproduce via

flagellated spores

examples

whose structure
comprises

hyphae

thin threads of cytoplasm enclosed in a layer of plasma membrane

covered by

cell walls with chitin, a sturdy and
flexible chemical compound

with

spores in between

which allows for

distribution of nutrients
across the body

which forms

mycellium

an interwoven mat of
hyphae under the ground

which allows for

accessibility to food, by
increasing its contact
to sources of nourishment

which can be

plantae

which include

bryophytes

whose structure consists

a lack of

leaves

roots

stems

whose life
cycle consists

diploid sporophyte
generation

in which they
produce spores

small reproductive parts
dispersed via the wind

haploid gametophyte
generation

in which haploid spores divide via mitosis to form gametes

in which
examples include

tracheophytes

whose structure consists

xylem

tissues to transport water and food to other tissues

called phloem

tissues that transport sugars and proteins throughout the plant

stems

roots

leaves

whose lifecycle
consists

seedless generation

seedbearing generation

in which examples
include

filincineae

whose structure consists

stems

roots

leaves

xylem

tissues to transport water
and food to other phloem

phloem

tissues that transport sugars and proteins throughout the plant

xylem

phloem

whose lifecycle consists

sporophyte

reproducing with sporangia, a capsule in which spores are formed

gametophyte

in which examples include

coniferae

classified as

gymnosperms - non-flowering
seed plants

whose structure
consists

leaves, which can be

needle like

scale like

roots

stems

who reproduce via

cones

in which

females

in which female spores become female gametophytes, which produce eggs

males

contain male spores which become male gametophytes, containing pollen surrounding by cells

pollination occurs when

pollen transfers from a male cone to a female cone, producing a diploid zygote

in which examples include

angiosperms

divided into

monocots

which have

one cotyledon

leaf that protects the embryo

paralell veins

fibrous root system

flower parts
in multiples of 3

scattered vascular
bundles

dicots

which can reproduce

asexually

via

vegetative
propagation

spore formation

sexually

via

self pollination

in which pollen from one plant is used to fertilize an egg cell in the same plant

cross
pollination

which one pollen from
one plant fertilizers an
egg in another plant
via means of seeed dispersal

whose structure appears
as such

animalia

is divided into 8 major phyla,
including

porifera

which

are non-symmetrical

lack nerve tissue

lack a coelum

circulates nutrients via

diffusion

obtains oxygen via

diffusion

has intracellular digestion
with single opening

in which

digestion occurs at
a cellular level

lack germ
layers

reproduce
via

asexual means

buds

an asexually produced mass of cells that can grow into a new organism

fragmentation

a piece of sponge that had broken off, which can grow into a new organism

sexual means

dispensing eggs and
sperm into water

example

cnidaria

with

radial symmetry

no coelum

simple nerve net

gastrovascular
cavity

for

transporting
nutrients

digestion

diffusion

to

obtain oxygen

two germ layers

endoderm

ectoderm

two body forms

sessile polyp

non-moving

tentacles and mouth
at the top

example

motile medusa

tentacles & mouth at the bottom

example

tentacles

to catch food

reproduction
via

asexual means

budding

sexual means

producing fertilized
eggs

platyhelminthes

with

bilateral symmetry

no coelum

cephalization

concentration of nerve cells at the end of the head

simple excretory system

supported by

flame cells

diffusion

to

obtain oxygen

closed pouch with one opening

for

digestion

three germ layers

endoderm

ectoderm

mesoderm

example

annelida

with

bilateral symmetry

coelum

brain, ventral nerve chord,
and peripheral ganglia

closed circulatory system

with

5 pairs of aortic arches

dorsal and ventral
blood vessels

moist skin

for

absorption
of oxygen

extracellular
digestive
system

with

two openings

three germ layers

mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm

example

mollusca

with

three germ layers

mesoderm,
endoderm,
ectoderm

coelum

bilateral
symmetry

large
brain

closed
circulatory
system

mantle
cavity

containing

gills or lungs

extracellular
digestive system

two openings

example

Arthropoda

with

three germ layers

coelum

bilateral symmetry

brain & ventral
nerve cords

open circulatory system

blood-covered organs

Tracheal system

which may consist of

spiracles & tracheal tubes

gills in aquatic species

extracellular digestive system

two openings

example

Echinodermata

with

three germ layers

coelum

symmetry which is

bilateral as larvae

radial as
adult

nerve ring

eyespots located at
the arms' tips

diffusion

for

gas exchange

extracellular digestive
system; two openings

example

chordata

with

three germ layers

coelum

bilateral symmetry

nervous system with
dorsal nerve cord

closed circulatory system

different organs for
gas exchange

lungs for
terrestial
species

gills for
aquatic
species

extracellular digestive
system; two openings

example

is organized through

taxonomy

defined as

the study of naming,
identifying, and
classifying species

which can be sorted
by

morphology

which is

the study of form
and structure of
organisms

utilized by

who came up with

the system of
bionominal nomenclature

consisting of

genus

species

example

defined as

the study of form and
structure of organisms

based on
characteristics
such as

symmetry

which can be

bilateral

defined as

one side mirroring
the other

example

asymmetrical

defined as

a lack of
symmetry
in the body

example

radial

defined as

when symmetry
occurs out from
a central axis

example

having a
backbone

known as

vertebrates

such as

mammals

example

birds

example

reptiles

example

amphibians

example

lacking a
backbone

known as

invertebrates

such as

mollusks

example

arthropods

example

worms

example

cnidarians

example

echinoderms

example

sponges

example

divided into taxes of

domain

the broadest category;
includes bacteria,
archaea, and eukarya

kingdom

second broadest;
prokaryotes, protists,
fungi, plants, and animals

phylum

more specific; divides
organisms with visible morphological or
evolutionary similarity

class

even more specific, categorizing based on similar traits. example: all in class amphibia have moist, smooth skin

order

example: all in class 'rodent' are categorized by having incisors in the upper and lower jaws that continually grow

family

example: all in felidae have flat faces, whiskers, large eyes & eyes, and round, flat faces

genus

example: the genus lepus contain species from the leporidae family who are distinguished by their solitary lifestyles and larger size

species

the most specific categorization; all members of a species share a common karyotype, morphology, and behavior