Canadian Democracy

They are more free-market
and progressive.

As the name suggests, they are
more conservative.

This is considered to be an
overall progressive political
party.

The NDP leans more towards
the left side, and is also
considered to be more
conservative.

Is a progressive political
party.

- The crown refers to the British
monarchy
- The constitutional head of state
- This role is mostly symbolic, however
does have some executive power

Head of state + King: King Charles III

- This is the lowest level of government in Canada
- They are local elected (cities/towns/areas) authorities
- They are led by mayors (e.g. the mayor of Brampton
is Patrick Brown, from the Conservative party)
- Municipal governments are responsible for providing services that are best managed under local control (e.g. public transit, waste disposal, fire services, police, community centres, libraries, property taxes etc.)
- Chief Administrative Officer (CAO): The most senior official in the City's administrative structure (in the City of Brampton, it is Marlon Kallideen
- There are also city councillors involved in this govt.
- Members of a municipal government usually meet in the city hall (an image for the one in Brampton is attached above)

- This is the middle level of government in Canada
- Elected by the province
- The legislative Branch
- A provincial government is led by the premier (the
Ontario's premier at the moment is Doug Ford who is
a part of the PC party)
- Other than that, MPPs (members of the provincial parliament are also involved)
- Premiers are elected through the highest number of MPPs winning from a party
- There are 124 MPPs at the moment
- The lieutenant general is the representative of The Crown
- Provincial governments are responsible for things such as education, health care, the environment, agriculture, highways, etc.
- In terms of Ontario, all involved debate and pass laws in the legislative assembly in Toronto

- This is the highest level of government in Canada
- Elected by the country
- It is the executive branch
- The federal government is led by the Prime Minister
(At the moment, it is Justin Trudeau, a part of the
Liberal party)
- MPs (members of the parliament) are also a part of
this level of government
- Similar to the way premiers get elected, the Prime
Minister is elected based upon the highest number
of MPs elected in from a political party
- There are 333 MPs at the moment
- MPs debate and pass laws in the House of Commons,
which is located in Ottawa (picture above)
- The crown gets represented by the governor general
- The federal government has countless responsibilities,
which include immigration, defence, trade, and countless others

- Gives Indigenous communities the control
of administration of their people, land,
resources and related programs
- Band COuncils

A few of more known Indigenous
governments in Canada at the moment
are:
- Assembly of First Nations (AFN)
- Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK)
- Métis National Council (MNC)

- In simple terms, this branch is a
system of courts
- These courts are known for settling
legal disputes/disagreements

Supreme Court of Canada

Court Martial Court Appeal

Military Courts

Provincial/Territorial Courts
of Appeal

Provincial/Territorial
Superior Courts

Provincial/Territorial
Courts

Provincial/Territorial
Administrative Tribunals

Federal Court of Appeal

Federal Court

Federal Administrative
Tribunals

Tax Courts of Canada

A treaty is a formal and legal binding/agreement
between two or more parties. They are negotiated
and signed by party representatives.

Numbered Treaties

Numbers from treaties 1 through 11.
They cover a large portion of what
Canada is in the present day.

Peace & Friendship treaties

They were agreements between the
British Crown and various Indigenous
nations, including the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet,
and others. The Peace and Friendship
Treaties recognized Indigenous rights to land,
resources, and self-government, while also
establishing peaceful relations and facilitating
trade.

Played a significant role in the establishment
of Canada as a federal Dominion

It was enacted in 1867

The act brought together the provinces of Ontario
(then known as Canada West), Quebec (then known
as Canada East), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia
into a federation (Dominion of Canada)

Established a federal system of government

Divided powers between the federal government
and provinces

Outlined the specific areas of jurisdiction for each
level of government

The BNA Act defined the role
of the monarch as the head of state

The Main Canadian Constitution is made up of
multiple constitution acts, while also
including the charter of rights and freedom

Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedom

A constitutional document that guarantees
fundamental rights and freedoms to all
individuals in Canada

Covers multiple areas, including fundamental
freedoms, democratic rights, legal rights,
equality rights, and language rights. Examples
below:

freedom of expression

religion

asembly

They are organizations formed by people
that have common goals and interests

Such groups are extremely important when
it comes to advocating for specific causes,
influencing public opinion, and shaping
public policies

Characteristics of Lobby groups:

Advocacy + Representation

Influencing the development and
implementation of polciices

Public awareness

- They are what shape the government
and society

A few of the many responsibilities of
citizens include:

Voting in federal, provincial, and
municipal elections.

Fulfilling their civic duties, which
can include obeying laws,
paying taxes, and serving on
jury duty when called

Taking the responsibility to do their
part and protect the environment.

Uphold human rights, and respect
all others around. Being a good
citizen overall.

Advocacy of issues.

Some of the main roles of the press include:
- Providing the public with accurate and current
information
- Can represent different voices and diversity