English

Present

Sentence

Present Perfect

Sentence

Past Simple

Sentence

Past Perfect

Sentence

Future

Sentence

Future Perfect

Sentence

Could:

Expresses past ability or a polite request.
Implies a conditional or hypothetical situation.

Examples:

When I was younger, I could run very fast.
Could you pass me the salt, please?

Can:

Expresses ability or capability.
Indicates a possibility or permission.
Used for making requests and offers.

Examples:

She can sing beautifully.
I can help you with your homework.

Question structure:

Modal verb + subject + base form of the main verb + (optional) additional information?

Negative structure:

Subject + modal verb+ not + base form of the main verb + (optional) additional information.

Affirmative structure:

Subject + modal verb + base form of the main verb + (optional) additional information.

Should:

Suggests an obligation, advice, or expectation.
Used for giving recommendations

Examples

You should eat more vegetables for better health.
She should arrive by 5 PM.

May:

Indicates permission, possibility, or a request for permission.
Often used in formal contexts.

Examples

You may go to the party if you finish your chores.
May I borrow your pen for a moment?

Might:

Suggests a lower level of probability than "may."
Commonly used in uncertain or speculative statements.

Examples

It might rain later, so bring an umbrella.
He thought he might have left his keys at home

Must:

Indicates strong necessity or obligation.
Used for emphasizing importance or certainty.

Examples

I must finish this project by the deadline.
Students must wear uniforms at this school.

Have to:

Indicates necessity, obligation, or requirement.
Conveys a sense of duty or external pressure.

Examples:

I have to attend the meeting at 9 AM.
Students have to complete their assignments on time

Ought to:

Expresses moral obligation, duty, or strong recommendation.
Often used for giving advice.
You ought to apologize for your behavior.
We ought to be more environmentally conscious

Will:

Expresses future actions or predictions.
Used for willingness or determination.

Examples:

I will do my best to complete the project on time.
I believe it will rain tomorrow.

Would:

Expresses past habits, polite requests, or hypothetical situations.
Commonly used in conditional sentences.

Examples

He said he would help us.
She would like to go to the museum.

Conditionals

0. Zero Conditional:
Expresses general truths or scientific facts.
Structure: If + present simple , present simple.

Examples:
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
If the sun sets, it gets dark.

1. First Conditional:
Expresses real possibilities and likely future events.
Structure: If + present simple , will + base form of the verb.

Examples:
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
If she passes the test, she will be happy.

2. Second Conditional:
Expresses hypothetical or unreal situations in the present or future.
Structure: If + past simple , would + base form of the verb.

Examples:
If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.
If I were you, I wouldn't do that.

3. Third Conditional:
Expresses unreal past situations and their hypothetical outcomes.
Structure: If + past perfect , would have + past participle.

Examples:
If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.
If I had known, I would have helped.

Past tense

Form:

It is generally formed by adding "-ed" to the end of regular verbs. Irregular verbs have specific forms that need to be memorized.

Use:

It is used to describe actions or situations that happened and were completed at a specific moment in the past. It is also used to narrate stories and past events.

Examples:

Would + Simple Past
If I had more money, I would have bought a new car.

Narrative Tenses

Past simple

The past simple, also known as the simple past tense, is a verb tense used to describe actions or events that happened in the past and are completed. In English, it typically involves adding "-ed" to regular verbs

Past continuous

The past continuous, also known as the past progressive tense, is a verb tense used to describe actions or events that were ongoing or in progress at a specific point in the past.

Past perfect

The past perfect is used to establish the sequence of events in the past and to indicate that one event occurred before another. It's especially useful when you want to make it clear which of two past events happened first.

Past perfect continuous

The past perfect continuous is used to emphasize the duration and continuity of an action leading up to another point in the past. It's particularly useful when discussing actions that started before a specific moment in the past and continued up to that moment or shortly before it.

Future forms

Refer to the different ways in which we can express actions or events that will occur in the future.
These grammatical forms allow us to talk about events that will happen after the present moment. Future forms are important for conveying an event that will occur in the future.

expressing future Time

FUTURE continuos

We use the future continuous for future events that have already been planned or decided.

Examples
We’ll be coming next weekend.
We’ll be leaving at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
Will you be going home this summer?

FUTURE simple

It is used to describe actions that will take place in the future, without the need to specify when.

Examples
It will make you laugh.
I will eat that..
She will climb that mountain

Future perfect

It is used for actions or states that will have ended at a given time in the future.

Examples
By 2050, researchers will have found a cure for cancer.
By this time next year, I’ll have graduated.

Nouns

A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive, or modifier

Examples: person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
place: home, office, town, countryside, America
thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey

Pronoun

pronoun is a word that you use to refer to someone or something when you do not need to use a noun, often because the person or thing has been mentioned earlier

Examples:The personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, we, they, him, her, he, she, us and them

Articles

An article is a word that follows a noun, giving some basic information about that noun, such as whether it is plural or singular, or whether it is a general or specific object.

Examples:The articles are: a, an, some and they

Determines

Is the beginning of a noun group to indicate, for example, which thing you are referring to or whether you are referring to one thing or several

Examples:Determines are: a, the, some, this, and each,Their house is on the left,These apples are good
Jim is her brother.