Grammar Tenses
Andrea Cabascango
PAI 5B

Relative pronouns

a word that is used to connect an
independent
clause to a relative clause

include who, whom, whose, that
and which

meant to provide more information
about the subject it relates to

Example

Sheela, who is a teacher, also works as a social worker

Relative clauses

is a type of dependent clause that
modifies a noun and provides more
information about it.

A relative clause has a subject and verb,
but it cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Defining clauses

Essential information
NOT use commas
subject after the pronoun,

Example

Non-defining Clauses

Extra information
use commas around them
always use a relative pronoun
Never use THAT

Example

Relative adverbs

They provide more information

Connect the relative clause to the
main clause.

Types

When

Refers to a time

The day when we met was
unforgettable.

Why

Talk about reasons

Tell me the story of why you
decided to move.

Where

Refers to a place

The house where I grew up is
now a museum.

Modal

are auxiliary verbs that are used together with
main verbs to represent

ability, possibility and probability

subject to perform an action and to
emphasize the necessity of an action.

the speaker tries to explain:

Necessary
Advisable
Permissible
Possible
Probable

Advisability

should / shuoldn't
Ought to / no negative
had better / had better not
Should have + V past + participl

Lack of necessity and prohibition

i) Lack of necessity
Not have to
ii) Prohibition
Must not
Musn't

Expressing necessity 0.2

i) Present
Must
Have to
Have got to
ii) Past
Had to

Expressing necessity

Be able to ------->can / could

Be going to -------->will / shall

Be supposed to -------->had better

Have to
Have got to --------->Must

Imperatives

a sentence that expresses a direct command,
request, invitations, warning, or instruction.

Command

Close the door

Request

Please pass the salt

Negative Imperative

Don't forget to call me.

Articles

small words that help us to specify the nouns.

Uses:

"The" is used to specify a particular noun.

The book on the table

“An" is used before nouns that begin with a vowel sound.

An apple

Subtopic

“A” is used before nouns that begin with a consonant sound.

A car

Nouns

a noun is a term used to identify something

Types o nouns:

Singular

Dog

Plural

Dogs

Countable

Pens

Un countable

Bread

Concret

Apple

Abstract

Love

Collective

Group

Commom

Table

Proper

London

Pronouns

words that replace nouns to make sentences less repetitive and more concise

Types

Personal

he, she

Possesive

his, her

Demostrative

this, that

Reflexive

myself, herself

Interrogative

who, what

Indefinited

everyone, nobody

Determiners

a word that modifies, describes, or introduces a noun.

Types

Quantifiers

here are already several people waiting for a table at this restaurant.

Interrogative determiners

What height is the Empire State Building?

Distributive determiners

Each employee was given a raise.

Numbers

Cardinal numbers|I’m close with my four siblings.

Determiners of difference

Can I have another cup of tea?

Other shoes might match your outfit better.

Possessive determiners

Penelope brought her cat to the vet.

Demonstrative determiners

I don’t want to sit at this table. I want that table near the window.

Definite and indefinite articles

The moon looks beautiful tonight.

Simple Future

Uses:

Actions that will occur in the future.

Structure:

+: S + will + Base form of the verb + compliment

-: S + Will not/Won't + Base form of the verb + compliment

Example

I will play tennis.

Future Continous

Uses:

Actions that will be ongoing in the future.

Example

I will be playing tennis.

Future perfect

Uses:

Actions that will be completed before
another action in the future.

Example:

I will have played tennis.

Structure

+: S + will + have + past participle + compliment

-: S + will + not + have + past participle + compliment

?: Will + S + have + past participle + compliment

Future perfect continous

Uses:

Actions that will be ongoing before another action in the future.

Example:

I will have been playing tennis.

Structure

+: S + will + have + been + present participle of the main verb + compliment

-: S + will + not + have +been + present participle of the main verb + compliment

?: Will + S + have + been + present participle of the main verb + compliment

"I wish" + a condition when we regret something.

After the words "I wish" we put the part of the
complex sentence that goes after "if" in
the conditionals.

Present Simple

Example:

She works in London

Use:

used to refer to events, actions, and
conditions that are happening all the time

Structure

+: S + Verb in the base form/third person
plural form

-: S + Do not/Don’t/Does not/Doesn’t + Verb in the base form/third person plural form

?: Do/Does + Subject + Verb

Present Continous

Use:

used for actions or events that are happening
or developing now.

Structure

+: S + am/is/are + present participle (verb+ing) +compliement

-: S + am/is/are + not + present participle (verb+ing) + complement

?: Am/is/are + s + present participle (verb+ing) + complement

Example

This man is drinking tea

Present perfect

Use: An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present

Subject + have/has + v3 + object
Subject + have/has + not + v3 + object
Have/has + subject + v3 + object +?

She has worked in the bank for five years.

Passive past

Structure

Subject + wasn't/were n't+ past participle verb
Subject + was/were + past participle verb
Was/Were + subject + past participle verb

How to use it

used to describe an action that is happening to the subject of the sentence.

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

Example

A lot of cod is caught in the North Atlantic.

Passive present

Is formed using the auxiliary verbs "am/is/are" followed by the past participle (3rd form of the verb)

How to use it

Used to emphasize the action rather than the subject performing the action

Used to describe an action that is happening to the subject of the sentence.

Structure

Subject + am not/isn't/aren't + verb in past participle
Subject + am /ist/are + verb in past participle
Am/is/are + subject + past participle verb

Example

The exams are graded

S + would + main verb base + .

S+ would not/ wouldn’t + main verb base + .

Would + S + main verb base + ?

When I was young I would play tennis.

Past perfect continous

S + had + been + v-ing + .

S+ had not/hadn´t + been + v-ing + .

Had + S + been + v-ing + ?

Helen had been listening the same music for 4 hours.

Past perfect

S + had + verb (past participle) +complement

S + had + not + verb (past participle) +complement

Had + S + verb (past participle) + complement?

The film had started before we arrived.

Past continous

S + was/were + verb (ing) + object

S + was/were + not + verb (ing) + object

Was/were + S + verb (ing) + object?

They were eating at the restaurant.

Past simple

subject + verb + ed

subject + did not + infinitive

Did + subject+ infinitive

John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

Used to

S + used to + inf. verb .

S + didn’t/did not + use to + m. verb

Did/Didn’t + use to + m. verb

We used to go to the seaside every summer when I was a kid.

Infinitive and Gerund - infinitive

S + verb + verb -ing + cmp + .

I don't mind waiting if you're busy.

Infinitive and Gerund - gerund

S + verb + to + verb inf + cmp + .

She's learning to play the piano in her school.

Infinitive and Gerund (ing)

Uses:

change the meaning

Stop watching the news.