Introduction To Biochemistry

The force that mediates interactions between bonds

A slight attraction develops between the oppositely charged regions between nearby regionsSame as London Dispersion Forces

A strong inter molecular force of attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative Oxygen , Nitrogen , or Fluorine ( HNOF )

Forces between polar molecules , opposite poles match up by electrostatic attraction

Forces between a polar molecule and a non polar molecule

Nutrients we need in order to survive

Molecules that bond together in order to make more complex structures i.e polymers

A structure of molecules made by smaller molecules called Monomers

A chemical Bond that forms between two Monoasccharides in a Condensation Reaction

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Starch - a Branch Polysaccharide found in plants, made up of amylose and amylopectinAmylose - made up of glucose molecules chainAmylopectin - a branch chain of glucose with a 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic linkages

Molecules that livings things need in a relatively large amount to live

The Monomers of CarbohydratesContains Hydroxyl and Carbonyl Groups

Aldose and Ketose are both Monosaccharides

Molecules with the same number and type of atoms , but arranged differently

Amino Acids are the monomer of protein ,made up of a amine and carboxyl group , with a central carbon with a h and r groupEssential Amino Acids are acids we need to obtain our diet because we don't have metabolic processes to process them

the unique portion of amino acids that defines its properties

Peptides - a short chain of amino acidsPolypeptides - a complex structure of amino acids made by peptides

Primary (a) - the sequence of amino acidsSecondary ( b ) - The localized structure as to whether or not the amino acid sequence forms a alpha-a-helix or beta-b-pleated based on hydrogen bondingTertiary ( c ) - a 3D structure based on other intermolecular forces including ionic bonds , hydrogen bonds , disulfide bridges , and hydrophobic interactionsQuaternary ( d ) - a 3D structure where more than one polypeptide chain is involved

phobic - fear of waterphilic - attract to water

Long Hydrocarbon Chains that end in a carboxyl groups the carbon chains can be un/saturated or have single/double bonds

       a 3 carbon molecule with 3 hydroxyl groups

Are Waterproofing LayersOnly expeirence L.D.FLong , Straight Chains

have both polar/non-polar regionsmostly hydrophobic

An Amphipathic Lipid

A double layer of closely-packed lipids

they function as long term energy storage moleculesthe carbon chains are a source of carbon to enter the Krebs cycle producing NADH for the electron transport chain

Make up majority of the Cell Membrane They consist of a hydrophobic head , made up of a polar group, a phosphate group , glycerol , and a hydrophobic fatty acid

They function a signaling molecules and components of the cell membraneTestosterone , estradiol , and progesterone are hormones involved in the reporductive system only experience L.D.F, non-polar , hydrophobic , and insoluble

Cell Membrane is made up of :Phospholipids Integral proteins Peripheral proteinsChannel ProteinsAlpha-Helix proteinsglobular proteinsGlycolipidsGlycoproteinsCholesterol

a lipid/protein with a carbohydrate added to it

a integral protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane

the building blocks/monomers of Nucleaic Acids

a phosphate with 4 oxygens , on of them is double-bondMakes up ATP

Adenine PurineMakes up ATP

Both are Pyrimidinesboth have a 5' and 3' carbon The difference is ribose has a hydroxyl functional group on the 2' carbon, but deoxyribose does not

Adenosine Triphosphate, a NucleotideMade up of a Phosphate group , a sugar ( ribose ) , and a Nitrogenous Base ( adenine )

NAD+ consist of 2 phosphate group, 2 sugar ( ribose ) , and 2 nitrogenous base ( 1 adenine , 1 cytosine ) NADP+ consist of 3 phosphate group , 2 sugar ( ribose ) , and 2 nitrogenous base ( 1 adenine , 1 cytosine ) FAD+ consist of 2 phosphate group , 2 sugar ( 2 ribose ) , 2 nitrogenous base ( 1 adenine , 1 Guanine )

Autotrophs are able to make their own food using raw materials / energy ( producers )Heterotrophs must consume other organisms in order to get food ( consumers )

a DNA strand is made of of two linked strand that wrap around each other , resembling a twisting ladder ( helix shape )

energy that has the potential to become another form of energy

Independent - the variable that is altered during a scientific expiriment Dependent - the variable being tested or measured Controlled - a variable that stays the same

A test that controls all but one variable when trying to answer a question

Chemical Messengers their job is to carry chemical signals from one neuron to another

Chemical messengers that coordinate different functions in your body

Forces within molecules that hold atoms together

A metal loses a electron, becomes a +ve cation, to a nonmetal, that gains a electrons becomes a -ve anion-ve and +ve are electrostatically attracted

Two non-metals share electrons equally Two non-metals share electrons unequally

The sharing of electrons between Atoms

R-----O-----HPolar HydrophilicCharacterized by presences of H and O

R-----S-----HPolar HydrophilicCharacterized by presence of S

O ll llR-----C-----RPolar Hydrophilic Characterized by central C and O Bound to two side groups Double bond to oxygen increases the polarity

Acidic Polar HydrophilicCharacterized by presence of P

Polar HydrophilicCharacterized by Central C and OBound to 1 side groups Double bond to oxygen increase the polarity

Polar Hydrophilic Characterized by Central C and OBound to 2 side group Double bond to oxygen increases polarity

Acts as a Catalyst during chemical reactions

AB + H20 --> A + BExample of A Catabolic Reaction 

In a saccharide , both the Ribose and Deoxyribose are bonded by a single oxygen , which is called the Glycosidic reaction

( I tried to put and image here but it didn't work )A + B --> AB + H2OExample of an Anabolic reaction

Add Oxygen is oxidationLose Hydrogen is oxidationGains hydrogen is reduced Remove oxygen is reducedRH2 + B -> R + BH2

Phosphorylation:R +ATP -> R-PO4 + ADP

A Neutralization reaction occurs when a acid and base react to create a water and a saltex.HCL + NaOH = NaCl + H2O

AB<->BA

Ester - a organic compound where the hydrogen in a carboxyl group is replaced with a hydrocarbon groupAmide - an organic compound that contains a functional acyl group ( R-C=O ) linked to a nitrogen atomPhosphodiester - the linkage between the 3' carbon of one sugar molecule and the 5' carbon of another

Triglyceride and Phospholipids are formed by condensation reactions and broken apart by Hydrolysis reactionsthe hydroxyl group with glycerol reacts with carboxylic acid of the fatty acids to form a ester linkages

A attractive force between a positive component and a negative component of molecules