Language Learning Strategies

Oxford (1990)

Oxford (1990)

Direct strategies

Memory strategies

Creating mental linkages

Creating mental linkages

Applying images and sounds

Applying images and sounds

Reviewing well

Reviewing well

Employing action

Employing action

Cognitive strategies

Practising

Practising

Receiving and sending messages strategies

Receiving and sending messages strategies

Analysing and reasoning

Analysing and reasoning

Creating structure for input and output

Creating structure for input and output

Compensation strategies

Guessing intelligently

Guessing intelligently

Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

Indirect strategies

Metacognitive Strategies

Centering your learning

Centering your learning

Arranging and planning your learning

Arranging and planning your learning

Evaluating your learning

Evaluating your learning

Affective Strategies

Lowering your anxiety

Lowering your anxiety

Encouraging yourself

Encouraging yourself

Taking your emotional temperature

Taking your emotional temperature

Social Strategies

Asking questions

Asking questions

Cooperating with others

Cooperating with others

Empathising with others

Empathising with others

Rubin (1987)

Rubin (1987)

Cognitive Learning Strategies

Clarification / Verification

Clarification / Verification

Guessing / Inductive Inferencing

Guessing / Inductive Inferencing

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

Memorization

Memorization

Monitoring

Monitoring

Metacognitive Learning Strategies

Stern's (1992)

Stern's (1992)

Management and Planning Strategies

Management and Planning Strategies

Cognitive Strategies

Cognitive Strategies

Communicative - Experiential Strategies

Communicative - Experiential Strategies

Interpersonal Strategies

Interpersonal Strategies

Affective Strategies

Affective Strategies

by Mohd Aizuddin Zulkefli

by Mohd Aizuddin Zulkefli

O'Malley et al. (1985)

O'Malley et al. (1985)

Metacognitive Strategies

directed attention

directed attention

selective attention

selective attention

functional planning

functional planning

self-monitoring

self-monitoring

delayed production

delayed production

Cognitive Strategies

note taking

note taking

recombination

recombination

auditory representation

auditory representation

inferencing

inferencing

Socioaffective Strategies

question for clarification

question for clarification