Language Learning Strategies
Oxford (1990)
Direct strategies
Memory strategies
Creating mental linkages
Applying images and sounds
Reviewing well
Employing action
Cognitive strategies
Practising
Receiving and sending messages strategies
Analysing and reasoning
Creating structure for input and output
Compensation strategies
Guessing intelligently
Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing
Indirect strategies
Metacognitive Strategies
Centering your learning
Arranging and planning your learning
Evaluating your learning
Affective Strategies
Lowering your anxiety
Encouraging yourself
Taking your emotional temperature
Social Strategies
Asking questions
Cooperating with others
Empathising with others
Rubin (1987)
Cognitive Learning Strategies
Clarification / Verification
Guessing / Inductive Inferencing
Deductive Reasoning
Memorization
Monitoring
Metacognitive Learning Strategies
Stern's (1992)
Management and Planning Strategies
Cognitive Strategies
Communicative - Experiential Strategies
Interpersonal Strategies
Affective Strategies
by Mohd Aizuddin Zulkefli
O'Malley et al. (1985)
Metacognitive Strategies
directed attention
selective attention
functional planning
self-monitoring
delayed production
Cognitive Strategies
note taking
recombination
auditory representation
inferencing
Socioaffective Strategies
question for clarification