Memory & Learning

Iconic

sparkler (0.5 seconds)

Echoic

Location of sound, playsback to work out

Haptic

Filtered to STM by attention

Cocktail party effect, hear your name, choose to attend

eg when calculating basic maths or reading a sentence

Decays repidly

7+- 2 items of information (Miller)

Chunk

Recency effect

Interference only occurs when tasks utilize the same channel

Slow access time, unlimited capacity, slow decay

Episodic

Stories, events, about things

Semantic

Knowing that. e.g. facts, concepts. Semantic network of connections (neurons)

Procedural

Knowing how. e.g. to ride a bike. Learning of motor and cognitive skills

Hard to explain, mostly unconcious

3 related activities

Remembering / storing

repitition, meaningful,

Forgetting

decay & interference. We never lose it, just hard to retrieve

Retrieving

recall & recognition

Carroll / instructions

Word processing. manual vs cards relating to tasksGrp 2 quicker to learn, complete & more successful at completing tasks

Rieman, 1996

Like to try it out based on past experiences & current mental model, prefer explore

dont read a manual

just in time, task dependent

Problem solving, fun

Disadvantages

Can learn non-ideal methods that are slower

May forget how a goal was accomplished

reflection can help

APPLIED: Encourage Exploration

progressive disclosure, reveal feature incrementally

Well labelled, well organised menus, UNDO

Context /goal specific help

Requires they can guess. LINK TO MENTAL MODELS

cost/benefit analysis whether to procede

other ways of learning

Manual, training, online help, friends/colleagues

e.g sending email w/ no attachment

Command Based vs GUI