SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

In the image, each parent has one normal hemoglobin A gene and one hemoglobin S gene, which means each of their children has:- A 25% chance of inheriting two normal hemoglobin A genes. In this case, the child does not have sickle cell trait or disease.- A 50% chance of inheriting one normal hemoglobin A gene and one hemoglobin S gene. This child has sickle cell trait.- A 25% chance of inheriting two hemoglobin S genes. This child has sickle cell disease.

Living with SCA is a challenge depending on your living situation. All of these factors are dependent on each other one way or another. An example of this is managing pain, to manage pain having a healthy lifestyle and following up on your care is key.

Making sure you have routine follow up care is very important for people who have SCA because if you have pain or if you are on medications to help your pain you want to make sure everything is healthy to avoid any crises. Getting vaccines is also very important as you don't want your systems compromised.

Managing pain is key in Sickle Cell Anemia as pain episodes can be terrible for those who suffer from it and can be life threatening. The following below and ways to maintain a healthy lifestyle and to be careful especially when you are going through a pain episode or if you know that a pain episode might be coming.

Sickle Cell Anemia has many psychological effects on people as they have a hard time living with it and the lack of knowledge contributes to the different psychological issues.

 The tendency to self-isolate due to a lack of understanding about SCD and the debilitating nature of pain crises amongst friends and family members further add to the social and economic consequences of SCD.

Helps reduce how frequent pain episodes occur and lower the need to do a blood transfusion/hospitalization. Can increase risk of infections, Should not be taken if pregnant. 

Helps reduce pain crisis frequency. 

Reduce pain crisis frequency, Side effects include; nausea, joint pain, back pain and fever. (Injected) 

Oral Drug to improve anemia. Side effects; headache, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, rash and fever. 

Red blood cells are removed from a supply of donated blood, then given through a vein to a person with Sickle Cell Anemia. Increases the number of normal blood cells which help reduce complications and symptoms. Risks include: immune response to the donor blood - makes it hard for future donors, infection and excess iron build up - too much iron can damage heart, liver and other organs and if you go through regular transfusions, you should lower iron levels. 

Procedure involves replacing the bone marrow that is affected by sickle cell anemia with healthy bone marrow from a donor. There are significant risks associated with a bone marrow transplant, the procedure is recommended for children that have major symptoms and complications because of it. After the transplant, you will have anti rejection medications to prevent the rejection of the donated stem cells. If your body rejects the transplant, it can lead to life-threatening complications. 

Those that are affected by Sickle Cell Anemia show low levels of nitric oxide in their blood. Nitric Oxide is a gas that helps keep blood vessels open and reduces the stickiness of red blood cells. The experimental treatment with this is inhaling nitric oxide which might prevent sickle cells from clumping together. (Not much progress seen with this new therapy)

Researchers are looking for different drugs and ways to improve hemoglobin in the fetus to avoid the sickle cells from forming.

Temperature plays a role in your well being with SCA. Studies show that the exposure to cold or to wind increases the hospital attendance because of acute pain. Cold and Rainy seasons have also seen an increased frequency of patients who suffer from pain. This pain is also caused by other environmental factors as well such as housing, socio-economic status and air quality.While it may seem that cold weather may be the only contributor, it is not. Warm climate also had similar reports yet less than colder weather. Humidity and excessive heat did also report acute pains.

Additional Information Mutations in the gene cause a problem when oxygen levels in the blood are lower Occurs once hemoglobin has delivered oxygen to the cells in the body’s tissuesIf there is less oxygen, the hemoglobin-S gene (which is the mutated gene) can cause rigid, non-liquid protein strands to form which then change the shape of the cell in the blood cell. The lack of oxygen in tissue can cause attacks of sudden severe pain, called pain crises. These pain attacks can occur without warning, and a person who has them often needs to go to the hospital for effective treatment.

Inherited genetic disorder caused by a point mutation in the gene that encodes the  β-globin chain of hemoglobin (Hbβ)Two β-globin chains and two α-globin chains form hemoglobin, the multisubunit protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. This mutation ends up replacing the negatively charged glutamate by a neutral hydrophobic valine that produces sticky patches on the protein surface. Upon delivering oxygen to the tissues, the mutant hemoglobin (HbS) polymerizes into fibers, which distort (“sickle”) red blood cells and cause blockage of the circulation, resulting in acute, severe pain called a sickle cell crisis.