Skill
The deliberate ability that allows for efforts to be carried out smoothly for an activity

Direct approach to skill acquisition

Definition
Requires the coach or instructor to make all the decisions relating to the task

Examples
-Isolated skill drills

-Directed learning
-Instructor directed
-Leaners told what to do and how
-Reproducing technique
-Explicit learning

Constraints based approach to skill acquisition

Definition
Requires the leaner to self organise movement and skill based constraints that are influenced by the goal that the leaner wants to meet

Examples
-Minor games
-Modified games
-Game sense

-Leaner directed
-Discovery learning
-Active problem solving
-Learners explore how to overcome problems
-Leaners generate knowledge
-Implicit learning

Critical Components

Manipulating task constraints to encourage Leaners to explore movement solutions

Developing learning environments that couple key sources of environmental information with movement

Stability of Environment

Closed
-Self paced environment that can be predicted easily

-Throwing a dart

-Playing billiards

Open
-Unpredictable environment which is externally paced making the movement adapt to the environment

-Tackling in rugby

-Digging in Volleyball

Precision of Movement

Fine
The use of the smaller muscle groups which together allow for more precision exertion of force/power

-Typing
-Drawing

Gross
The use of larger muscle groups which dominantly provide a larger exertion of power/force

-Weightlifting
-High Jump

Organisation of the Skill

Discrete
-Short duration of the skill which has a clear beginning and end

-Throwing

-Catching

Serial
-Several discrete movements that are linked together in a specific order to perform said skill

-Serving in tennis

-Dance Routine

Continuous
-A repetitive movement that has an arbitrary beginning and end which can continue for a long duration of time

Invasion
-hold possession of ball
-aim
-Create space

Net/wall
-Place ball away from opponent

Striking/fielding
-Hit ball away from fielders to increase time to score more runs

Target
-Accuracy is the aim which can result in the success

Cognitive stage
-The beginning stage where person is mentally trying to comprehend the movement requirements for the motor skill

Associative Stage
-The practise stage the performer is beginning to refine their technique movement pattern as they become more consistent and make fewer errors

Autonomous Stage
-By this stage the skill has become mainly automatic and the performer no longer consciously thinks about the skill

Practise Distribution

Distributed Practise
Involves shorter but more frequent training sessions with more time allocated to rest between tasks during the session

four times a week for 30minutes each session

Massed Practise
Involves less frequent training sessions that last for a longer period of time with rest intervals between tasks shorter then distributed practise

twice a week two hours a session

Practise Variability

Blocked Practise
Involves practising the same skill constantly

Kick to kick

Random Practise
Is the varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same training sessions

Game simulation

Play
An activity that has an aim for a reward

Games
A goal directed activity which has rules which can control the way the goal is reached

Rules in games and sports
Rules provide structure for the game

Primary rules
Identify how the game is going to be played which can eventually result in who wins the game

Examples
-No handling of the ball in soccer
-No throwing the ball in football

Secondary rules
Changes to the game that do not change the whole nature of it only parts of it

Examples
-Tie-break in tennis
-Size of the ball in soccer

Sports
Games that need physical skill

Performance outcome measures

Indicates the results of the performance

Relates to measure of

Speed

Distance

Frequency

Accuracy

Consistency

Performance Process measures

Indicates how leaners produce the performance and the process

Relates to

Movement technique

Muscle activation

Nervous system

Observation of performance and subjective ratings of movement form

Fundamental Motor Skill
-basis for young people to allow them to develop the skill of specialised motor skill

Specialised Motor Skill
-Distinct version of Fundamental motor skill which we can apply to certain sports