SNC1D0 Year

Particle Theory

Different Substances are made up of Different Particles

There is always space between particles

Particles are always moving

Temperature affects the speed that particles move at

Particles are attracted to each other

States of Matter

Particles are close togther

Particles are seperated and far from each other

Particles are very far apart from each other

Melting

Solid to Liquid

Freezing

Liquid to Solid

Evaporation

Liquid to Gas

Condensation

Gas to Liquid

Sublimation

Solid to Gas

Deposition

Gas to Solid

Pure Substances

Elements

Composed up of only 1 kind of atom

Compounds

Made up of 2 or more different elements in fixed proportions

Only made up of 1 kind of particle

Mixtures

Homogenous

Mixture where the form is uniformed

Heteogenous

Mixture where you can see the different components

Alloys

Properties of Matter

Physical

Description of the substance

Chemical

Describes the ability for a substance to change into another substance

Physical and Chemical Changes

Physical Change

The change in shape, form or state in a substance

Chemical Changes

A change that results in a formation of a new substance

Density

Mass

Amount of matter an object takes up

Volume

Amount of space an object takes up

Amount of matter per unit of volume

Measured in g/mL or g/cm^3

Elements

Compounds

Rows/Periods

Columns/Families

Hydrogen

Alkali Metals

Group 1

Alkaline Earth Metal

Group 2

Transition Metals

Group 3-12

Halogens

Group 17

Noble Gasses

Group 18

Elements get more reactive the more you go down the columns

Abbreviations of Elements Name

First letter is always a captial

Atomic Number

Represents the amount of Protons or Electrons

Atomic Mass

Represents the sum of Protons and Neutrons of the Element

Proton

Has mass

Positive Charge

Electron

Orbiting the Nucleus

Lies on the "shell"

Shell contains 99% of the Atoms Volume

Shell contains 1% of the Atoms Mass

Have almost no mass

Negative Charge

Neutron

Neutral Charge

Have Mass

Nucleus

Contains the Protons and Neutrons

99% of the Atoms Mass

1% of the Atoms Volume

The Diagrams

Labels

Dots represent the valence electrons

Valence electrons are electrons on the shell

The p represents the protons in the atom

The n represents the neutrons in the atom

Circle in the middle represents the nucleus

Circles around the middle circle represent the shells

The Letter(s) in the middle are the elements/compounds symbol

The dots surrounding the letter(s) are the valence electrons

Only the electrons on the furthest shell from the middle are represented

Dots are placed singly then placed in pairs in the order: N -> S -> E -> W

A shortcut to finding the valence electrons is looking at the groups the element is in

Starting at 1 electron at group 1, keep increasing by 1 until you reach group 2, where it skips all to way to 3 electrons at group 13. Continue the pattern of 1 electron every group afterwards.

Ions

All atoms want a full outershell to gain stability (2 or 8)

Reason why group 1, which only has 1 valence electron, are the most reactive

Called Stable Octet

Atoms lose or gain more electrons depending to how close they are at the moment to the next full shell

Atoms that gain electrons have a negative charge and are called anions

Atoms that lose electrons have a negative charge and are called cations

Ionic Compounds

Created when a metal and non-metal combine

Metal atoms always lose electrons

Non-metals always gain electrons

Steps to making the formula

The first symbol is always the metal followed up by the non-metal

Write the ionic charge above and to the right of the symbol it is attached to

Ionic Charge are the charges that are gained or lost to other elements

Criss cross the charge

Divide the charges to to largest common factor to find the lowest ratio

Counting atoms

The subscripts of a atom represents the amount of the atom there is.

Ex: Cl 2 = 2 Chlorine atoms

Subscripts outside brackets multiply all subscripts within the brackets before it

If there is a coefficient in front of everything, it represents the amount of that element/compound

The coefficient is multiplied with all subscripts within the formula

Alloys

Metals that formed by metaling 2 metals together

Molecular Compounds

A pure substance formed by mixing 2 or more non-metals

Since the nearly have full orbits, they share each others electrons that results in a Covalent Bond

Naming Molecular Compounds

Never add the prefix "mono-" to the first symbol

Always replace the ending of the 2nd symbol with -ide

Charges

Protons

Cannot Move

Neutrons

Electrons

Can Move

Laws of Charges

Opposites Charges Attract Each Other

Like Charges Repel Each Other

Neutral Objects Attracts All Charges

Neutral Objects are Neutral to Each Other

Insulators

Materials that Prevent the Movement of Electrons

Conductors

Materials that Allow the Flow of Electrons from Atom to Atom

Discharge

Grounding

Connecting a Charged Object to the Ground (The Earth is a Large Conductor that Spreads the Electrons

The Action of Removing a Charge

Charge by Friction

Charge by Contact

Charge by Induction

Electric Currents

Circuit

Electric Load

Switch/Control

Conductors

Resisitor

Used to reduce current or control voltage

Ohm Meter

Ammeter

Measures Amps/Current

Voltmeter

Measures Voltage

Motor

Electricity in Real Life Use

Circuit Breakers

Formulas

Forumla for the Cost to Operate a Electrical System is: Cost = energy x Price (rate)

Climate Change

Ecosystem

Biome

Habitat

Species

Population

Communities

Niche

Role of an organism in the environment

Heterotroph

Prey

Predator

Biosphere

Lithosphere

Hydrosphere

Atmosphere

Consumer

Thermal Energy

Light Energy

Photosynthesis

Creates Sugar, Food

Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration

Creates Co2, Water, Energy using Oxygen and Sugar

Kinetic Energy

Actions

Laws of Thermodynamics

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy in the universe is constant and cannot be destroyed nor created and can only be transferred

Biogeochemical