The School of Athens

The building is in the shape of a Greek cross,

harmony between pagan philosophy and Christian theology

The architecture of the building was inspired by the work of Bramante

Bramante helped Raphael with the architecture in the picture

Some have suggested that the building itself was intended to be an advance view of St. Peter's Basilica

There are two sculptures in the background

The one on the left is the god Apollo, god of the Sun, archery and music, holding a lyre

The sculpture on the right is Athena, goddess of wisdom, in her Roman guise as Minerva.[

Public institutions

Academies

The book industry

scientific literature

scientific and literary journals

The Republic of Letters and Grub Street

Rousseau vs. Voltaire

Neoclassicism

expression in architecture and sculpture

surviving Baroque and Rococo styles

devoid of pastel colors and haziness

most were Roman copies of Hellenistic sculptures

Archeticure

most vividly represented in the Palladian architecture of Georgian Britain and Ireland

Zeno of Citium

Epicurus

Federico II of Mantua

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles

Averroes

Pythagoras

Alcibiades or Alexander the Great

Antisthenes or Xenophon

Hypatia (Francesco Maria della Rovere)

Aeschines or Xenophon

Parmenides

Socrates

Heraclitus (Michelangelo)

Plato (Leonardo da Vinci)

Aristotle

Diogenes

Plotinus

Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante)

Zoroaster

Ptolemy

Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino or Timoteo Viti)

“Seek Knowledge of Causes”

"To Each What Is Due”

“Knowledge of Things Divine”

“Divine Inspiration”