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Biological Macromolecules

Nucleic Acids

Nucleosides

Pentose sugar

Deoxiribose

DNA

Ribose

RNA

Transcription

Position on DNA

Upstream

Downstream

performed by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (III)

synthesizes 5' to 3'

reads 3' to 5'

ends at Stop Codon

starts at Promoter

messengerRNA

Prokaryotes

pre-mRNA

Exons

Expressed

Introns

Spliced out

snRNPSs

Poly-A-tail

3' end

5' cap

allows translation

increases stability

modified guanine

Eukaryotes

Translation

Steps

Termination

Stop codon reached

Elongation

Movements of tRNA from A site to P site

Polypeptide chain rows

Initiation

Starts at start codon

AUG

Ribosomes

ribosomalRNA

2 subunits

Large subunit

Small subunit

mRNA binding site

3 Active Sites

A site

holds amino acid

P site

growing polypeptide

E site

exit site

transferRNA

anticodon

Amino acids at 3' end

Clover shaped

translates codons

Nitrogenous base

Pyrimidines

Thymine

Uracil

Cytosine

Purines

Guanine

Adenine

Nucleotides

Phosphate group

Lipids

Saturated

Unsaturated

cis-unsaturated

trans-unsaturated

Glycerol Based Lipids

Compound

Phospholipids

Glycolipids

Simple

Oils

Fats

Non-Glycerol Based Lipids

Waxes

Steroids

Steroids in reproductive processes

Progestagens

Androgens

Estrogen

Common Steroid Hormones

Progesterone

Testosterone

Estradiol

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Cellulose

Chitin

Starches

Amylopectin

Amylose

Oligosaccharides

Disaccharides

Lactose

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Proteins

Amino Acids

Quartenary Structure

More than one amino acid chain

Tertiary Structure

3D folding because of side chain interactions

Secondary Structure

Alpha helix

Beta pleated sheet

Primary Structure

Chain of amino acids