Categorie: Tutti - portability - costs - ai - availability

da brendan mccart mancano 14 anni

694

Expert System (h)

Expert systems are AI-driven solutions designed to replicate the decision-making ability of human experts. These systems encode the expertise of multiple individuals using knowledge representation languages, offering several advantages over human experts.

Expert System (h)

Expert System

  • A computer based system
  • Uses AI techniques
  • Tries to be a substitute for a human expert
  • the expertise of several human experts is coded using a knowledge representation language (KRL)

    • implications

    Social

    Legal

    Ethical

    Job loss

    Training

    Human knowledge

    ethical / moral

    moral and ethical issues

  • Ethics is about having a sense of right or wrong. This is not the same as breaking the law.
  • For example, it is not ilegal to test drugs on animals, but many people think it is unethical
  • would it be ethical to use medical expert systems to diagnose human illness if it was cheaper than employing medical consultants?

    • medical implications
    legal

    Legal means relating to laws created by government. Some laws mean that someone may be liable or responsible for something that goes wrong.

  • Suppose an investor gets advice form an expert system and then looses all the money since it turn out to be a bad investment. Who is to blame?
  • The programmer who wrote the expert system software
  • The human financial consutant whose expertise was coded into the expert system
  • The customer who relied on the expert system
  • The financial advce company who let customers use expert systems
  • A human expert who has relied on the AI expert system to help produce the advice
  • It might help to think about to what extent a human advisor is when the advice leads to unexpected problems

    • social

  • Social has to do with how people are affected in their personal life, at work, study. With their family or community.

  • Expert systems might be used in place of a human expert. Perhaps this may mean less jobs for some human experts.

    • applications

    oil exploration

    Where to drill?

  • A lot of money to be made from getting a good well
  • exploration costs are very high, expensive equipment, dangerous

  • Use data from geological surveys to identify underground features that produce the formations likely to have oil

  • deposits
  • faulting
  • erosion
  • compression

    • financial

    Financial Management

  • Debt
  • income
  • investment
  • insurance
  • Accountng
  • Taxation
  • Legal issues for finance

    • medical

    medical

  • consultation
  • diagnosis of conditions
  • describe symptoms
  • famous systems
  • MYCIN

    • disadvantages

    inflexibility
    no learning
    technical support
    no common sense
    narrow domain

    advantages

  • Compared to human experts, artificial expert systems can have several advantages
  • Of course there can de disadvantages, check out the implications

  • consistency
  • lasting expertise
  • low operating costs
  • low duplication costs

  • offers a range of possible solutions (varying chances of success)
  • asstis human experts rather than complete substitute

    • portability

    portability

  • an expert system is essentially software that can be installed in a system anywhere
  • the system can be put on-line making it universally available

    • low error, consistent

    chance of error

  • don't forget or get tired
  • does not forget to ask a question
  • results will be consistent (the same) no matter how many times or places the system is used, unlike humans who may react to stress or tiredness

    • combined source

    combined sources

  • putting together several sources is better than one because of, consensus, non bias, more than one idea
  • allows a very large collection of knowledge available from one expert system

    • cost effectiveness

    cost effectiveness

  • human consultants are very well paid, it is important work
  • also research and higher education are expensive preparation for humans
  • expert systems have high set up costs but are cheaper to copy and run
  • No salary, but there are support costs

    • availability and permanence

    availability of expertise

  • available 24/7
  • network the expert systems, allow sharing to enable multi-user participation
  • copy the hardware and software
  • humans may leave or quit, taking their expertise away, an expert system can be maintained indefinitely and replicated as neccessary

    • expert system shell

    components

    working memory
    knowledge base
    inference engine
    user interface
    justification / explanation

    justification

  • The expertise of a specialist can be made more useful if the specialist can explain of justify the conclusions, (inability to explain is equally a limiting factor)
  • Justification is presented to the user by the user interface
  • There are two forms.
  • The expert system can give an justification of how conculsions were reached at the end of the consultation (How justification: how did you get to that conclusion))
  • The expert system can explain why it needs particular information form the user during the consultation (Why justification: why do you need to ask me that question)

    • purpose

    consultation
    explanation
    knowledge representation

    personnel

    knowledge engineer

    knowledge engineer

  • a computer software specialist
  • extracts knowledge from domain experts and other sources
  • this is in fact the analysis stage of software development
  • converts extracted knowledge into a format suitable for coding in a knowledge representation language
  • prepares knowledge as facts and rules that reflect the relationship between facts
  • the coded knowledge is stored in the knowledge base, probably as experct system shell would be used to speed up production
  • works with the domain expert again to test the expert system

    • domain expert

    domain expert

  • Someone who knows a lot of facts and information
  • Spent a long time learning and researching
  • legal expert, medical consultant
  • A General Practitioner (GP) doctor has studies a wide range of medical knowledge but may not be an expert in any. A medical consultant has studied one smalll area of medical knowledge in very great depth.
  • On the TV show Mastermind, each contestant answers one round of questions on general knowledge and one round on a specialist topic of their own choosing

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