Categorie: Tutti - calendar - planets - orbit - astronomy

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History of Astronomy

During the Renaissance period, significant advancements were made in astronomy, challenging long-held geocentric models. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that planets orbit the sun, although his model was not more accurate than previous ones.

History of Astronomy

History of Astronomy

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NASA - 1962-2012

Cassini Mission
Mission to Saturn

Landed a probe on Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, in 2005

Titan has an atmosphere, like that of Earth, contains both nitrogen and oxygen, but the oxygen is likely to be in the form of ice water

Atmosphere contains a mixture of complex organic molecules

Galileo
Mission to Jupiter

Detailed information on the moons of Jupiter

New insights into the intensity of volcanic activity on the moon Io

Discovered evidence of salt water below the surface of the moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto

Voyager 2
Neptune fly-by

Discovered six moons

One of the moons, Triton is the coldest known body in the solar system.

Neptune has a Large dark spot, similar to Jupiter

Is a giant storm

Larger than Earth

Neptune has system of five faint rings that appear to consist of dust particles

Mission to all Gas Giants

Most distant human-made object ever to have travelled from the Earth

Discovered and photographed many of the gas giants’ moons

All gas giants had ring systems

Curiosity

Most technologically advanced rover ever built

Cruiosity found an ancient stream bed

Mars used to have flowing water on its surface

Mars may be more similar to earth than we thought

Curiosity witnessed and made measurements through a planetary-wide dust storm

There might be microbial life on Mars

Curiosity found sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and carbon, key ingredients necessary for life, in the powder sample drilled from the "Sheepbed" mudstone in Yellowknife Bay

Surface samples taken from mars show that the dirt there is very similar to that of earth

The dirt on Mars may be capable of sustaining plants

Ancient Mars had the right chemistry to support living microbes

There are occasional spikes in methane gas that so far have no explanation

Gale Crater was capable of supporting life 3.5 billion years ago

Organic matter was present on ancient Mars and has even survived intact to this day

Pathfinder

first wheeled vehicle to be used on another planet in the solar system

Viking 1 and 2
Mission to Mars

Water vapour was found to be relatively abundant in the far north during the summer, with the north pole covered permanently in ice

Found essential elements for life

Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and phosphorus

May still be frozen water beneath the surface

Dried-up riverbeds

Formed by water

Large Volcanoes

Ice caps at the poles

Made of frozen carbon dioxide and frozen water

Mariner 10
Mission to Mercury

Mercury has a thin atmosphere with traces of the gases helium and hydrogen and even smaller amounts of several other gases

Mariner 4
Fly-by of Mars

First close-up photographs of another planet

The pictures, played back from a small video recorder, showed lunar type impact craters

Mariner 2
Fly-by of Venus

Venus has an extremely hot surface, over 425 °C

Venus has no detectable magnetic field

Venus rotates in the opposite direction to most of the other planets in our solar system

Venus has an atmosphere containing mainly carbon dioxide

Renaissance - 1400s to the middle 1600s

Galileo Galilei
his observational, experimental and theoretical work provided the evidence that eventually led to rejection of the Aristotelian–Ptolemaic geocentric model of the universe.
Telescope

He observed the moon and described the lunar surface as uneven, with craters and mountains

moons of Jupiter

Earth was clearly seen not to be at the centre of all planetary motion

four moons are known as the satellites Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto

Johannes Kepler
planets more distant from the sun take longer to orbit the sun
speed of an orbiting planet depends on its position in the elliptical orbit
motion of planets as ellipses
Nicolaus Copernicus
no more accurate in predicting the position of planets than Ptolemy’s model
greater the radius of a planet’s orbit, the longer it took for the planet to orbit around the sun

Early Middle Eastern

Omar Khayyam
Jalali calendar

an error of one day in 3770 years

begins each year on 21 March

lunar year of 354 days
Al-Biruni - 600 yrs before Galileo
Earth moves around the sun over the course of a year

sun never sets in the North or South Pole

Earth rotated on its axis
Al-Battani
accurately calculated the angle of the Earth’s tilt using the plane of the ecliptic
trigonometry to analyse the ecliptic plane

length of the year as 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 24 seconds

Ancient Greek

Sun was centre of the universe
Used 2000 years later
Sun and moon revolved around the earth
Earth was spherical
Astronomy
Greek meaning for Law and Order

Indigenous Australians - 50000 yrs ago

Solar and Lunar Eclipses
Fat Man runs from Sun woman - Lunar Eclipse
Sum Woman and Fat Man embrace - Solar eclipse
Moon phases
Fat man killed by his wives and rises from the dead.
Movement of the sun
Sun Woman moves across the sky

Incans - 1200s

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Points of a compas
Southern cross
Milky way
Incan name - Mayu - meaning river
Winter and summer solstice

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stone towers to mark the points of sunrise and sunset

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