Language Concept Map

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Elements of Language

Syntax

word order of a sentence - thought of grammar - relationship between words - provides meaning and understanding

Phonology

study of the sounds in a language - phonemes letters create - smallest unit of sound - syllable structure - sequence of sounds - CVC, CVVC, etc.

Lexicon

vocabulary or words of a language

Morphology

study of the structure of words - inflectional - number, tense, & degree - derivational - prefixes, suffixes, lexical category - creation of new words

Semantics

meaning of words, phrases, and sentences - inherent meanings of words - synonyms, antonyms, homophones, homonyms - mood of a sentence - command, statement, permission, probability

Language Theories

Processability

Some parts of language acquisition are easier than others process. - beginning or end are easier - middle more challenging

Interaction Hypothesis

Comprehensible input through modified interaction with proficient speakers of a language is required in order to fully learn a second language. - simplified language - clarifying questions ("Do you understand?") - repeating what the learner said in correct form

Comprehensible Output

Learners need to actively participate in conversation with others using their new language to effectively acquire the language in addition to receiving comprehensible input.

Input Processing Model

Two sub processes when learning a new language - accommodation - incorporate "mental picture" - restructuring - other aspects change without the learning knowing Output processing - make use of the acquired language

How learners process the information they receive when acquiring a new language - process for meaning first - rely on content words - words and grammar connect meaning - first-noun strategy to understand

Language Theorist

Lightbrown & Spada

Four major perspective about second language acquisition - behaviorism - innatist perspective - psychological theories - sociocultural

Krashen

Second language can only be acquired when a person receives both comprehensible input and output and their filter allows for the information to be accepted.

Five interrelated hypothesis - acquisition learning - natural order - monitor - input (comprehension) - affective filter

B.F. Skinner

Acquired through imitation and positive reinforcement.

Behaviorist theory - language is learned through social interaction

Noam Chomsky

Once LAD is active, children children can generate grammatically correct language.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - children decipher syntax of their language through Universal Grammar

Children have innate ability to learn language.