THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE

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LITERATURE

STRUCTURE OF THEATRES

Plays were acted in a daylight

There were no female actresses

There was a trap door, used for disappearances and also for burials

The gallery above the stage could be used by the audience or by the musicians

The stage had no curtain

They were round or octagonal

They were built during the 16th century

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616)

His style

Human emotions

Psicology

Depth and thought

Maturity

His works

Tragedies

Macbeth

The reversal of values, introduced by three witches

Regicide, which is an act against nature

Lady Macbeth sees Duncan's blood on her hands, she finally goes mad and kills herself. Malcolm, Duncan's son, organised an army in England to kill Macbeth. Macbeth is terrified when he hears the english army is using branches from the trees to protect themselves. The forest really is coming to his castle. He is killed in the battle and Malcolm became the King of Scotland

The three witches also predict that Macbeth will be safe as long as Birnam Wood does not move towards him and that none of woman borne shall harm him

Macbeth does not feel safe, so he kills his friends, Banquo and his son, but Fleance escapes and Banquo's ghost begins to haunt Macbeth

Duncan is murdered and the blame is put on the king's servants who were sleeping outside the room. The king's sons leave Macbeth's castle, fearing for their lives. Macbeth is now on the throne, but his friend suspect him

First Act

Scotland is at war and Macbeth is the hero of the battle. A day he and his friend meet three witches. They tell him that he will be given more money, land and power and also that Macbeth will be the 'future king'. After that he receives a message from Duncan, king of Scotland, who wants to reward Macbeth for his victory and giving him more money, land and power

Romeo and Juliet

Love

Time

The reflection upon language made by Juliet, who shows a trendency to realism in her use of language

The lack of knowledge which necessarily derives from bad communication

The stories take place in Verona, where two families, the Montagues and the Capulets, are locked in a violent feud

Fifth Act

In the last scene Romeo poison himself after seeing Juliet apparently dead in the tomb, while Juliet, waking from her trance, sees Romeo dead and stabs herself with his dagger. Romeo and Juliet will never know the truth about their death

Fourth Act

It is the preparatory act to the final tragedy. Juliet takes a drug given to her by Friar Laurance. This potion makes her seem dead. The friar sends a messager to Mantua, but before he arrives, Romeo is told that Juliet is dead and decides to come back to Verona

Third Act

It can be divided in two parts: that of public events, full of action and movement, and the part devoted to private events. It ends with Romeo and Juliet's wedding night at the Capulet's house

Second Act

It concentrates on the development of the relationship between Romeo and Juliet. It ends with the secret wedding of the two lovers in the chapel by the friendly priest, Friar Laurence

Firts Act

It is composed of a series of dialogues about the courtly conception of love, which was linked to melancholy. It ends with the scene of the masque and the meeting of Romeo and Juliet

Historical dramas

They were closely based on serious records like the Tudor's chronicles

Comedies

They end in multiple marriages, and all seem to have in common the preoccupation with the journey of the young women

In 1559 his company built the Globe Theatre, where most of his plays were performed

He married Anne Hathaway when he was 18

They have a daughter

He came at king Edward school

He didn't go to university, in fact he left school at 15

He was

A playwright

A clever and a successfull man of business

A 'genius'

Unusal description of woman

Real woman, with defects (she is given dark hair and eyes and an unattractive face)

THE SONNET

Themes

Love and faith, beauty and art, time

Turning point

At the end of the eighth line and the ninth (introduced by words like; and, if, so, but, then, when)

Rhyme scheme: I Quatrain: ABAB II Quatrain: CDCD III Quatrain: EFEF IV Quatrain: GG

Division in 4 sections

A couplet that solves or summarised the problem

3 quatrains that present a problem or situation

14 lines of iambic pentameter

Introduced by Tomas Wyatt

SCIENCE

Hierarchical system linked the different orders to life

The angels, linked to man

Animal class

Vegetative class

Inanimate class (elements, liquids, metals

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

established the scientific method

proved that the earth turns around the sun

Theories of Copernicus (1473-1543)

The sun was at the centre, with the earth and the other planets moving aound it

Ptolemy's view of universe (2nd century AD)

The sun and the planets revolved around Earth

HISTORY

James VI

Puritans disapproved of both the rites and the bishops of the Church of England

Pilgrim Father applied for a government patent to colonise New England

New traslation of the Bible

Interested in supernatural Daemonologie

Theory of 'divine right of king'

God on earth

Protestant

First Stuart King of England

Henry VIII

Broke with Rome

'Supreme head on earth of Church of England'

wanted to divorce and remarry with Anne Boleyn

Elisabeth I

1603, Tudor line died out

Spanish invade England

English defeat the Spanish Armada

Promoted exploration ( sea captain Sir Francis Drake)

Married to her people ('Virgin Queen')

Queen of a divided nation (anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish)

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Marries with Catherine of Aragon

Mary I

Burned Protestants (her nickname is 'Bloody Mary')

Marriage to Philip of Spain

Established a Catholic reign by being the agent of a Counter-Reformation

Rejected by her father and strict mother

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE