Tree organigram

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Universal Ancestor - DNA as genetic storage - ether bonds in cell membrane

Common Ancestor - presence of histones

American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) Eukarya - presence of membrane-bound organelles - presence of membrane-bound nucleus

Unikonta

Opisthokonta - single posterior flagellum on swimming cells

Animals - multicellularity - absorptive heterotroph - mobility - complex organ systems - gametic life cycle

Giant Barrel Sponge (Xestospongia muta) Porifera

Eumetazoa

Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita) Cnidaria - diploblasty - radial symmetry

Medusozoa

Pennaria disticha Hydrozoa - polyp and medusa

Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita) Scyphozoa - usually only medusa

Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) Anthozoa - usually only polyp

Bilateria

Deuterostomia - radial and indeterminate cleavage

Chordata - notochord - dosal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - endostyle

Branchiostoma lanceolatum Cephalochordata - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail

Sea Peaches (Halocynthia aurantium) Urochordata - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail

Vertebrates

Agathans - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - cartilaginous skeleton - ectothermic

Chondrichthyes - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - cartilaginous skeleton - ectothermic

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs or lung derivatives - ectothermic

Lobe-finned fishes - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs or lung derivatives - ectothermic

Amphibia - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs or lung derivatives - limbs - ectothermic

Reptilia - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs or lung derivatives - limbs - ectothermic (non-bird reptiles) - endothermic (birds) - amniotic egg

Mammalia - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs or lung derivatives - limbs - endothermic - amniotic egg - hair - milk

Giant Sea Star (Pisater giganteus) Enchinodermata - spiny skin - water vascular system - adults radially symmetrical, larvae are bilaterally symmetrical - no brain - complete digestive tract

California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus) Holothuroidea

Asteroidea

Serpent Star (Ophiura ophiura) Ophiuroidea

Purple Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) Enchinoidea

Protostomia - spiral and determinate cleavage - blastopore becomes mouth

Lophotrochozoa - trochophore and/or lophophore larvae

Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium) Platyhelmnithese - acoelomates - incomplete digestive tract - no respiratory or circulatory systems

Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium) Cestoda (Tapeworms) - parasitic - no digestive tract

Macrostomum lignano Rhabditophorans (Free-living)

Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica) Trematoda - parasitic

Common ancestor

Mollusca - soft-bodied - foot, visceral mass, mantle - coelomates - organ systems

Soft Shell Clam (Mya arenaria) Bivalvia - two-part shell

Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) Cephalopoda - reduced or absent shell (except nautilus) - closed circulatory system

Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) Gastropoda

Common Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) Annelida - segmented worms - closed circulatory system - complete digestive tract

Ecdysozoa - metamorphosis (most) - ecdysis

Anthropoda - "jointed foot" - segmented - exoskeleton made of chitin - complete digestive tract - open circulatory system

Pancrustaceans

Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) Hexapoda - six legs - insects - many have wings (crucial to their success as a group) - head, thorax, abdomen

Chesapeake Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) Crustaceans - cephalothorax

Southern Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans) Chelicerates - cephalothorax and abdomen - 4 pairs of walking legs, pedipalps, and chelicerae

Roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans) Nematodoa - free-living and parasitic - cuticle - pseudocoelom - complete digestive tract

Fungi - multicellularity - absorptive heterotroph - cell wall - zygotic life cycle

slime molds Amebozoa - movement with pseudopodia

SAR clade

Rhizaria - filose pseudopodia

radiolarians

foraminiferas

dinoflagellates Alveolata - membranous vesicles on cell membrane - secondary plastids

Stramenopila - tripartite flagellar hair - secondary plastids

diatoms

giant kelp

Excavata - feeding groove - secondary plastids

Fly Agaric

euglenoids

Archaeplastida - primary plastids

Plants

Angiosperms - pollen - seed - fruit - flowers - endosperm - heterospory - wood - ovules - ovaries

Gymnosperms - pollen - seed - heterospory - wood - ovules

Monilophytes - sporic life cycle - embryo - desiccation resistant spores - apical meristems - gametangia - sporangia - lignin - xylem and phloem - megaphylls - dominant sporophyte generation - thick waxy cuticle - stomata

Lycophytes - sporic life cycle - embryo - desiccation resistant spores - apical meristems - gametangia - sporangia - lignin - xylem and phloem - leaves (lycophylls) - dominant sporophyte generation - thick waxy cuticle - stomata

Hornworts - sporic life cycle - embryo - desiccation resistant spores - apical meristems - gametangia - sporangia

Mosses - sporic life cycle - embryo - desiccation resistant spores - apical meristems - gametangia - sporangia

Liverworts - sporic life cycle - embryo - desiccation resistant spores - apical meristems - gametangia - sporangia

Charophytes

Common Ancestor

chlorophytes

rhodophytes

Methanobrevibacter smithii Archaea - ether bonds in cell membrane

Escherichia Coli Bacteria - presence of peptidoglycan in cell wall