Biology 311C Concept Map
Chemical Bonding & Organic Compounds
Types Of Bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Metallic
Electronegativity
Similar negativity
Nonpolar
Hydrophobic
Van Der Waals
Diff. Electronegativity
Polar
Dipole-Dipole
Ion-Dipole
Acidic
Basic
Carbon Skeletons
Isomers
Structural
Enantiomers
Geometric
Cis-Tran
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfuhydryl
Phosphate
Methyl
Chemical Evolution/Prokaryotes
Reduced atmosphere
Oparin's Bubble
Milley & Urey
Eukaryotic Cell
Plant Cell
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
Tonoplast
Cytoplasmic Streaming
Animal Cell
Phagocytosis
Macrophages
Pinocytosis
Intercelluar Junctions
Gap, tight, cell membrane
Plasmodesmata
Nucleus
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough
Smooth
Cytosol
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
Antibodies
Cellular Respiration
Cytosol
Glycolysis
4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate Produced
Oxygen
Mitochondria
Pyruvate Oxidation
Citric Acid Cycle
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis
No Oxygen
Fermentation
2 Lactid Acid
2 Ethanol + 2 CO2
Dna Structure & Replication
Cell
Nucleus
Chromosome
Gene
mRNA
Protein
Gene Expression
Transcription
5' to 3'
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
RNA polymerase
RNA processing
Introns
Exons
Splicing
Phosphodiester Bonds
Alternate Splicing
Translation
mRNA
tRNA
Ribosomes
Proteins
mRNA
Binding Sites for tRNA
P Site
A Site
E Site
Amino Acids
Initiation Factors
Fmet in prokaryotes
Cap at 5' end in Eukaryotes
Amino acyl tRNA synthatase
Peptidyl transferase
Bacteriophages
DNA
Mutations
Silent
Missense
Nonsense
Frame Shift
Reading Frame
Protein
Griffith
Avery, McCleod, McCarty
DNA
Chargaff's Rule
Base Pairing
Double Stranded
Replication Bubble
ORI
Replication Fork
Lagging & Leading Strands
Okazaki Fragments
helicase
Models of DNA Replication
Semiconservative
Conservative
Dispersive
Messleson And Stahl
Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA
Protein Synthesis
Free Ribosomes
Rough ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Plasma Membrane
Secretion
Exocytosis
Stay in Golgi
Organelles
Glycoprotein
Protein Sorting
Photosynthesis
Light
Light Reactions
Photosystem II
ETC
Photosystem I
ETC
ATP & NADPH
Calvin cycle
Carbon Dioxide
Sugar G3P
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
monosaccharides
polysaccharides
glucose
amino acids
nucleotides
starch
glycogen
cellulose
alpha glucose
beta glucose
steroids
cholesterol
testosterone
HDL
LDL
saturated fat
unsaturated fat
trans fat
phospholipids
adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine
RNA
DNA
uracil
Cell Membranes
Membrane Proteins
transport protein
enzyme
signal transduction
cell-cell recognition
intercellular joining
Diffusion
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
membrane transport
active transport
osmotic conditions
hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic
normal (animal)
flaccid (plant)
shriveled (animal)
plazmolyzed (plant)
lysed (animal)
turgid/normal (plant)
sodium potassium pump
cell communication
local signaling
long distance signaling
hydrophobic signal molecule
hydrophilic signal molecule
receptor in cell
cytoplasm
nucleus
receptor on cell membrane
G protein receptor
tyrosine kinase receptor
ion channel receptor
signal molecule binds receptor
G protein activated by GTP
G protein binds inactive
enzyme (adenylyl cyclase)
signal molecule binds
forms dimer
uses ATP to get phosphorylated
relay proteins bind to dimer,
get activated
produces 2 cellular responses
ligand binds to ion channel receptor
gate opens
cellular response
ligand leaves
gate closes
converts ATP to
cAMP (secondary receptor)
cAMP activates protein kinase A
phosphorylation cascade
cellular responses
cell signaling
synapses
electrical
chemical
Cell Cycle and Regulation
karyotype
chromosomes
allele
centromere
sister chromatids
homologous
somatic cells
germ cells
meiosis
mitosis
diploid
haploid
phases of cell cycle
interphase
G1
G2
S (DNA synthesis)
single chromatid chromosome
duplication
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
cleavage furrow (animal)
cell plate (plant)
produces gametes
22 autosomes
1 sex chromosome
meiosis 1
meiosis 2
same as mitosis
start with homologous
chromosome pair
start with replicated
chromosome
has a checkpoint
Water
Properties of Water
Cling to Polar Molecules
High Specific Heat
Hydrogen Bonding
High Heat of Vaporization
Universal Solvent
Amphipathic Molecules
Non Polar Molecule Behavior