DNA
Prokaryotic DNA
is
found in cytoplasm
found in plasmids
double helix
double-stranded
Circular DNA
doesn't contain introns
non-coding regions
coding regions
making proteins
single circular chromosome
not much DNA
lacks transposons
mobile DNA segments
unlike eukaryotic DNA
small and less complex
not tightly packed
nucleoid-associated proteins.
not bound with proteins
no chromatin structure
Double helix
proposed by
James Creek
Watson
Mutations
sequence in the DNA
change of the proteins
can occur in DNA replication
mutations can be inherited
can occur in
chromosomes
alterations
structure
number
gene
nucleotide
is altered
which its influence is low
some diseases
can occur
sickle cell anemia
hemophilia
sex-linked diseases
Cystic Fibrosis
Huntington Syndrome
occurs by errors in DNA replication
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis creates to identical cells
DNA is not degraded
No recovering dead DNA
DNA is replicated and distributed
make new cells
DNA stay alive
it passes on to next generations
Hereditary material
which was determined by
MacLeopd
McCarthy
Avery
Replication
where replication can occur
S-phase
Nucleus of cell in eukaryotes
replication fork
Inside the nucleus
multiple
Through
Transcription
RNA
similar to DNA
with some differences
another nucleoside
uracil
thymine
different sugar
ribose
single stranded
from DNA
Enzymes
DNA Polymerase
addition of nucleotides
growing strand
Helicase
hydrogen bonds
helix is separated
Semiconservative
Other strand
old
One strand
newly formed
2 DNA molecules
2 strands each
Interesting Facts
can be damaged
Chemicals
Radiation
from Various Sources
Hair and skin cells
DNA...
Capable of change
randomly during repliction
Frequency change by mutagens
can be two sets in 1 person
chimerism
Undergoes tiny mutations daily
Don't have DNA
Other types of blood
have DNA
DNA makes RNA
RNA makes protein
no life
not all DNA is genes
only 2% are genes
"Junk DNA"
epigenetics
DNA can be Modified
Human genome
99% identical
6 ft in each cell
3 billion base pairs
30,000 genes
Throughout evolution
over 500 DNA codes
Codes
sequences of nucleotides
genetic instructions for organism
cellular machinery
produce proteins
chains of amino acids
ribosomes
genetics codes in humans
the same
everyone has codes for arms
steps a code goes through
transcription
messenger mRNA
RNA polymerase
RNA processing
modifying mRNA molecule
Translation
proteins are assembled
Protein modification
chain is folded/modified
Transport
cells/outside cells
codon
codes for a specific amino acid
encoded by more than one codon
64 possible codons
Nucleotides
Nitrogenous base
Complementary
Purines
Double ring
Adenine
Guanine
Pyrimidines
Single-ring
Thymine
Cytosine
deoxyribose
Pentose sugar
Pentagonal ring shape
held by
phosphodiester bonds
Consists of
10 hydrogen atoms
1 oxygen atom
5 carbon atoms
forms
Linear
Beta deoxyribose in DNA
Cyclic
used in DNA
phosphate group
Made of
1 phosphorus atom
4 oxygen atoms
held together
ester bonds
base pairs
double ring
single ring
attaches to
5' carbon of sugar
3' to next carbon
pattern of sugar-phosphate
stable structure
based on the work of
Edwin Cargaff
base complementary
"DNA of any species
equal amounts
Adenine
Thymine
Crystal structure of DNA
X-Ray Diffraction
helical shape of the DNA
Rosalind Frank
unify together
base pairs
hydrogen bonds
keeping the two stands
together
complement each other
cytosine
adenine
guanine
thymine
held by
three hydrogen bonds
to separate
held by
two hydrogen bonds
affects
several genes
diseases and/or syndromes
like
Turner
one sex chromosome
characterized by
sterile female
short structure
Down syndrome
chromosome 21
characterized by
in learning
facial features
short neck
Klinefelter
sex chromosome
characterized by
sterile male
long
arms
legs
they all
can be observed
karyotyping