Congress of Vienna

1819-Grants universal suffrage to males

1821-Introduces electric motor

1822-Capital crimes reevaluated

1830-doubles its manufacturing output

1837- Queen victoria

her uncle William IV abolished slavery

victoria created perfection/reforms in 1839

childlabor laws, union laws, all liberal under victoria

1854- Clock Tower (Big Ben) represents industrialization

1854-cholera epidemic, a British scientist finds the source in a central London water well

1863-The first subway system

potato famine

people flee to ireland

Industrial revolution starts

rights acts

conservative vs liberal

congress of Vienna wants sea trade

1823-send troops to Spain to reestablish the monarchy of Ferdinand VII

1827-Austria versus Britain,Russia,France re: Greek Independence

1831-Crushes I uprisings in Italy

1835 A Francis I dies (Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, and 1st German Confederation

1835 A Ferdinand rules Germany, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia and parts of Italy

1848 A Ferdinad dies

1848 A Franz Joseph I Austria/Hungary

1867 A The Austria/Hungary Compromise. Hungary is separate.

Austria gained parts of Italy

1871-independent of Germany

Klemens Von Metternich was oppressive

Had to flee to Great Britain

1821-Napoleon dies

triggered German states to unify

since he was very set to unity all of europe

Napoleonic code was still used

growth of nationalism

Napoleon was devoted to his country

taliran comes late

1825-Louis XVIII dies -> Charles X

1830-Invades Algeria for insulting a diplomat

1852-Louis Napoleon consolidates conservatives, ends parliament, crushes an uprising, establishes a dictatorship

1853-Joseph Gobineau writes about racial “superiority”

1862-Victor Hugo write Les Miserables. Hugo wants to inspire humanitarianism and wants freedom and justice for all

1863-Cambodia become a French protectorate

1868-Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan

1869-Suez Canal opens

1870-Bismarck unites the independent German states with Prussia. France opposes, Bismarck wants a showdown with France and tricks the French (Ems) into starting war. The Franco-Prussian War begins.

1871-Avaria agrees to unify with Prussia. France cedes to Germany Alsace and Lorraine

won crimean war

divided after 1815

1831-Mazzini creates the “Young Italy” movement

1834-Garibaldi has an uprising and he is sentenced to death. Garibaldi escapes to South America

re-establishing monarchies

Italy = unhappy

1848-unsuccessful revolutions

began to form governments

middle class was rising and helping more

1849-Garibaldi and Mazzini are in Rome with King Victor Emmanuel

1855-Allies with Great Britain, France in Crimean War

1857- Giuseppe Garibaldi / the Italian National Association to fight for the unification of Italy

1858-Young Italians try/fail to assassinate Napoleon III

1859-Cavour allies with Napoleon III to defeat the Austrians

1823-send troops to Spain to reestablish the monarchy of Ferdinand VII

1849-passes an education bill

1850-frees peasants

1861-King Wilhelm I of Prussia (1861-1888) is a militarist
He defeated anarchy in 1848
Became Kaiser at the age of 63

1862-Bismarck becomes minister-president. Representing Kaiser Wilhelm I, he declares that his government is to rule without the bundestag (parliament). Bismarck is a Junker (elite nobility)

bismark knew he was going to take everyything

1866-Bismarck Wars for Unification (Denmark and Austria). In Austria, Bismarck uses “blitzkrieg”.

declairs war on austria

1870-France Bismarck unites the independent German states with Prussia. France opposes, Bismarck wants a showdown with France and tricks the French (Ems) into starting war. The Franco-Prussian War begins.

1871-, France Bavaria agrees to unify with Prussia. France cedes to Germany Alsace and Lorraine

1879-Bismarck joins his Germany with Austria-Hungary in a defensive alliance.

Fredrick the great

Germanic kingdom

Use the military to remain strong

Militaristic aristocrat

For Prussia, militarism is the key

Wilhelm I (1861) and Bismarck sought greatness through militarism

Promoted Otto Von Bismarck

Fredrick the great uses military to remain strong

When Wilhelm II became Emperor at 28, he was highly militaristic and autocratic.

Wilhelm saw the navy as the key to Germany: “Germany needs a place in the sun”

Czar Alexander wanted more land and a warm water port after defeating napoleon

crimean war

france won

1823-Send troops to Spain to reestablish the monarchy of Ferdinand VII

1825-Czar Alexander I died, Czar Nicholas I reigns

1825-Decembrist Rising against the Czar

1853-Tsar Nicholas I of Russia goes to war against the Ottoman Turks to defend Orthodox Christians in Turkey and in Jerusalem. Crimean War lasts until 1856

1855-Tsar Nicholas I dies. Alexander II, makes peace with Britain and France. The Crimean War ends.

1855-Czar Alexander II reigns

1861-Tsar Alexander II issues his proclamation emancipating serfs

1861- emancipated serfs

Only Russian spoken as well as Russian orthodox was the religion

1865-captures Uzbekistan

1866-student tries to assassinate Tsar Alexander II

1879-Widespread strike by industrial workers

1881-Czar Alexander II dies, Czar Alexander III reigns

Mobs attacked Jews; Jews fled Russia as refugees

1830-King George IV dies

1824-Britain and US write a law to suppress slavery; the US legislators undercut the law and it fails

1820-King George IV reigns

1830-King William the IV reigns

1831-writes liberal consitution

1832-"Reform Bill" is passed

1834-"Abolition of Slavery Act"

1835-Mandatory Vaccinations

1837-King William IV dies

1837-Queen Victoria reigns

1840-occupies Yemen

1847-passes 63/hr work-week for woman and children

1850-Public Libraries begin

1850-5% of ships are powered by steam not sail

1852-brings opium from India to Burma

1852 – in Cape Colony (South Africa) Cape Colony Boers must end slavery

1854 – British declares war, Queen Victoria calls R sinful for staring the Crimean War

1855 – I allies with GB, F in Crimean War

1855 –Siam signs a trade agreement

1856 – GB, F Second Opium War

1859 – GB Charles Darwin “Origin of Species”

1860 – GB Taiping Rebellion

1863 – GB legislators respond to air pollution

1865 – GB crushes a rebellion in Jamaica

1867 – GB The Reform Act of 1867

1868 – GB, F Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan

1870 – GB Diamond deposits have been discovered in southern Africa

1871 – GB Life expectancy at birth in England has risen from 36 years in 1700 to 41 years

1875 – GB part ownership of the Suez Canal

1876 – GB Queen Victoria is named Empress of India

1877 – GB to protect the Boers in S. Africa (Afrikaners of Dutch, French and German descent) from the Zulus and to repair the Boer Republic financially. GB “assumes” that a majority of Boers favor British rule and they annex the republic

1879 – GB Using Gatling guns, the British overpower the Zulus in S. Africa

1884 – GB Maxim Gun (used in every colonial war in Europe, Africa, Asia)

lasted 40 years

Germany is made up of 30+ separate states

A powerful economy … but not unified

Germans saw themselves as one group

had many nationalities

Prussia and Austria are strongest German states

As Germany grew in power, European countries supported either England or Germany

1848 – The Frankfurt Assembly

1848-nationalism is the focus

Prussia uses “liberalism” in its economics”: laissez-faire trade

A laissez-faire northern trade alliance inspires people to trade more, the government gains taxes through trade and individuals get wealthy through trade

1848: German flag

Danish War – 1863
Prussia attacks Denmark along with the Austrians, Austrians gains Holstein and Prussia gains Schleswig

Austro-Prussian War – 1866
Drive the Austrians out of the “unified Germany”

Austria declares war on Prussia
Austria was crushed by Prussia in just seven weeks

Prussia was demonstrating the importance of militarism: wars are easy, quick and victorious. Countries remembered this going into World War On

Wilhelm was told he had to agree that no Hohenzollern/Bourbon will ever wish to become the King of Spain (Alfonso XII is made King)Wilhelm wrote up notes about the conversation. The notes were edited by Bismarck. The notes were then published. Outraged, the French demanded immediate war against Prussia.

When Prussia troops formed, they were joined by men from every other German state.

The Franco-Prussian War changed the political landscape of Europe, Bismarck then secured peace treaties with both Austria and Russia

German Confederation
independent states, a “loose alliance”
rivers, natural resources, coal
set up zollverein

Today: BMWs, Audi Motors