Interactions in the physical environment

Caused by shift of tectonic plates

When the plates get Slid past each other and grind causing an earthquake

When the plates separate and create new land causing earthquake

When the plates hit together and one gets pushed down. then eventually gets shot back up causing earthquake

Are We Ready

We are not ready

Many of Our buildings and structures would be destroyed if a large enough earthquake hit us.

20 on earth

move by convection currents
(magma under plates moving)

2 Types - Oceanic and Continental

Range from 20 km thick (pacific) to 100 km thick (eurasian)

plate tectonics helped shape the earth

ex. large plates: north american small plates cocos plate

mainly continental crust: Eurasia, mainly oceanic crust: pacific

Boundaries of Plates

Subduction Zone

Plates converge and One Plate Dives Under the Leading Edge of its Neighbour

Ridge Axis

Plates are diverging and new ocean floor is generated

Transform

Plates Slide Past Eachother

Continental Drift

The Theory Discovered by John Tuzo Wilson That all Continents were once attached as one Super Continent (Pangaea) and drifted into separate positions Later.

4 Proofs

Jigsaw Fit

Continents Fit Together Like Puzzle

Fossils

Same Land Animals & Plants in South America & South Africa

Mountains

Same Age & Structure of Mountains in Eastern Canada (Appalachians) & Western Europe (Caledonians)

Ice

Evidence of Past Glaciers in Warm Places Today. Which Means Continents Used to be Closer to the Poles

The 4 Eras

Precambrian Era

Changes to Land

1. New Mountains Formed

2. New Land and Oceans

3. Contains Mostly Igneous and Metamorphic Rock. Some Sedimentary

Living Things

Fossils, Algae, Some More Complexed Organisms

4.6 billion yes ago

lasted 4 billion yrs (87% of time)

Paleozoic Era

Changes to Land

1. Collision of Pangaea Caused Eastern Part of North America to Crumble and fold to Create Appalachian Mountains

Living Things

Shell's , Other Simple Things, More Advanced Things, Plants, Trees, Fish, Insects, Amphibians

570 Million Yrs Ago

Lasted 325 million Yrs (7% of time)

Mesozoic Era

Changes to Land

1. North American Plate Collided with Pacific Plate

Caused Magma to Raise to Top of North American Plate

Cooled to Granite

Formed Coast Range Mountains

2. Earth Folds Forming Rocky Mountains

Caused By Tectonic Forces

Appalachians eroded

Living Things

Plants, dinosaurs, Birds, Small Sea Creatures

245 Million Yes Ago

Lasted 180 Million Yrs (4% of time)

Cenozoic Era

Changes to Land

1. Coast Mountains Uplifted

2. Rockies Formed by Folding, Faulting, Volcanos

3. glaciers scrap and gouge land

4. Appalachians and Canadian Shield Rounded

Caused by erosion

Living Things

Mammals, fish, and Plants

65 Million Yrs Ago

Hasn't Ended Yet (2% of time, so far)

How Do Glaciers Form?

Snow Accumulates-Hundreds of Metres Thick

Weight of Snow Causes Bottom Layers to Turn to Ice

How is Glacial Ice Different From Regular Ice?

It is Formed Differently

It is Denser

It is Less Polluted (Because it Was Formed a Long Time Ago

How do Glaciers Move?

a. Alpine Glaciers

Move Down Valleys From High Elevations to Low Elevations Due to Gravity

Move a Few Centimetres Per Day

b. Continental Glaciers

Move Under Their Own Weight

Spread Outward From the Centre

When do Glaciers Change Size?

Become Larger When the Rate of Accumulation > Melt (Advancing)

Become Smaller When the Rate of Melt > Accumulation (Retreating)

How do Glaciers Change Landforms?

Press Down on Land - Now Rebounding About 1-2 Cm Per Century

Alpine Glaciers Sharpen Upper Portion of Mountains (Give Them a Rugged Appearance) and Create Broad U-Shaped Valleys

Continental Glaciers Smooth out the Land by Eroding High Points and Filling in Low Points

What Force Turns Fallen Snow to Ice

Compacting

7 Regions in Canada

Western Cordillera

Formed by

North American Plate Collision With Pacific Plate

Landforms

Coast Mountains, Interior Plateau, eastern mountains

Mostly Sedimentary

Human Activities

Farming, Mining, Whale Watching, Tourism

Descriptive Words

Glaciers, Inlet (Narrow area of water)

Canadian Shield

Formed by

Magma and Molten Rock Rose to Surface as Volcano

Landforms

Rounded Hills of Rock

Rock Type

Metamorphic

Human Activities

Mining, Farming, Fishing, Camping

Descriptive Words

Nature

Appalachian Mountains

Formed by

Layers of Sedimentary Rock Uplifting and Folding After North American Plate Collided with European and North African Plate

Landforms

Rounded, Large Hills, Long Bays, Deep Harbors, Many Wide Valleys

Rock Type

Sedimentary

Human Activities

Boating, Fishing, Farming

Descriptive Words

Eroded (Slowly Damaged Rock or Land

Innuitian Mountains

Formed by

North American Plate Moving Forward

Landforms

Mountainous Measuring 2500 M, Bumpy, Barren (No Trees/Vegetation) - Because its to Cold

Rock Type

Sedimentary

Human Activities

Remote (No Human Activity)

Descriptive Words

Snowy, Icy, Extremely Cold

Interior Plains

Formed By

Rocks under Canadian shield getting damaged

Landforms

Flat, Rolling Hills, Wide River Valleys

Rock Type

Sedimentary

Human Activity

Farming, Transportation, Fishing, Boating, Hiking, Skiing

Descriptive Words

Flat

Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands

Formed by

erosion from Canadian shield bringing in sediments to the area. and glaciers carried sand, gravel, soil to the area

Landforms

Rolling Hills, Flat Plains, Deep River Valleys

Rock Type

Sedimentary

Human Activities

Farming, 50% of Canada's Population Lives Here

Descriptive Words

Flat Land, Rivers

Hudson Bay - Artic Lowlands

Formed by

Sand, Silt, and Clay Which Came at The End of The Ice Age and Formed Rock Which Created The Land

Landforms

Low, Swampy, Forest, Rolling Landscape

Rock Type

Sedimentary

Human Activities

Mining

Descriptive Words

Lots of Forest, Swampy

Rock Types

Sedimentary

Formed from - sand, shells, other fragments of material

Can see - sand, pebbles, and stones. Contains fossils

Ex. conglomerate and limestone

Metamorphic

Formed from - heat and pressure underground

Can see - Ribbon like layers. May have shiny crystals

Ex. gneiss and marble

Igneous

Formed from - Magma cooling and hardening

Can see - Tiny holes/spaces, gas bubbles, glasslike surface

Ex. basalt and obsidian