MAN-MADE RISK

ReferencesAdam, Barbara, Beck, Ulrich & Loon, Joost van (red.) (2000). The risk society and beyond: critical issues for social theory. London: SAGEAlexander, Jeffrey C. – Smith, Philip. (1996). Social Science and Salvation: Risk Society as Mythical Discourse. Vol. 4. Zeitschrift für Soziologie. Baker, Tom & Simon, Jonathan (red.) (2002). Embracing risk: the changing culture of insurance and responsibility. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago PressBeck, Ulrich (1992). Risk society: towards a new modernity. London: SageBeck, Ulrich (1999). World risk society. Cambridge: Polity PressBickerstaff, Karen – Walker, Gordon. (2002). Risk, responsibility, and blame: an analysis of vocabularies of motive in air-pollution(ing) discourses. Environment and Planning A, volume 34, pages 2175-2192Bovens, Mark (1998). The quest for responsibility: accountability and citizenship in complex organisations. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressDouglas, Mary (1992). Risk and blame: essays in cultural theory. London: RoutledgeGiddens, Anthony. ”Risk and Responsibility” i The Modern Law Review Vol. 62, No. 1 (1999) s. 1-10Hubbard, Douglas W. (2009). The failure of risk management: why it's broken and how to fix it. Hoboken, N.J.: WileyJonas, Hans (1984). The imperative of responsibility: in search of an ethics for the technological age. Chicago: University of Chicago PressMythen, Gabe (2004). Ulrich Beck: a critical introduction to the risk society. London: PlutoPerrow, Charles (1999). Normal accidents: living with high-risk technologies. [Rev. ed.] Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressPerrow, Charles (2007). The next catastrophe: reducing our vulnerabilities to natural, industrial and terrorist disasters. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University PressSagan, Scott Douglas (1993). The limits of safety: organizations, accidents and nuclear weapons.Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. PressSunstein, Cass R. (2002). Risk and reason: safety, law, and the environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressTurner, Barry A. & Pidgeon, Nick F. (1997). Man-made disasters. 2. ed. Oxford: Butterworth-HeinemannWildavsky, Aaron B. (1988). Searching for safety. New Brunswick: Transaction Books

DEFINITION

Too complex?

Risk-taking

Risk aversion

Risk as danger

System theory

Capitalism

Industrialization

Risk neutrality

Risk seeking

Risk as opportunity

Embracing risk

Neo-liberalism/conservatism

Social development

Economic prosperity

Future

Uncertainty

Sagan: "Expecting the unexpected"

Risk as volatility/variance

Risk as expected loss

THEORY

Douglas: Cultural theory

Religion

Western Christianity

"Sin"

Social structure

Blame

Giddens: External risk

Unknown but regular

Pre-industrial

Insurable

Beck: Risk society thesis

Characteristics

Modernization risk

Failure of security management

Individualization

From personal to global

Long time-span

Double shock

Origin

Reflexive modernization

Wealth

Class

Gender

Labor

Industrialization

Capitalism

Critique

Universalistic claims

Empirical evidence?

Risk society?

Euro centrism

SPACE

Human activity

Natural risks autonomous?

Individual spread

Local spread

Regional spread

International spread

Global spread

TIME

Autonomous from history?

Permanent?

Turner: Incubation period

KNOWLEDGE

Real/unreal

Hidden/visible

1st hand vs 2nd hand experience

Individualization

Expert knowledge

Objective

Actual accidents

Consequences

Animal life

Human beings

Environment

"Unknown"

Turner: Origins

War purpose

Impacts

Collapse of structures

Explosions/fires

Chemical/biological

Combinations natural & man-made

Risk management

Risk calculation

Pessimism

Worst -case scenario

Normal Accidents Theory, NAT

Perrow: Technological disasters inevitable

Organized anarchies

Complex/linear interactions

Couplings

Loose

Tight

Time-dependent processes

Neutrality

Maximizing Expected Utility, MEU

Optimism

High Reliability Theory, HRT

HR-organizations failure free

Collecitve mind

Trial-& error learning

Rationality

Precautionary principle

Cost-benefit analysis

Probability

Scoring methods

Stratification methods

Hubbard: failure?

Hubbard: major problems

Conceptional confusion

Human errors

Subjective methods

Incorrect models

Institutional factors

Incentive structures

Hubbard: Risk mitigation

Avoid

Reduce

Transfer

Retain

4 "horsemen"

Actuaries

War quants

Economists

Management consultants

Solution?

Adopting the language

Focus on community

Wildavsky: searching for safety

Increased safety may increase danger

Subjective

Social constructivism

Mythical discourses

Apocalyptic discourse

Fear

Anxiety

Death

Discourse of security

Discourse of nature as non-violent

Mediators

Mass media

Identity

Individuals

Organizations

Nation states

Paradigm

Now: high risk=high danger

Separation natural &man-made

Focus on safety

Information

Communication

Organizational structure

Decision making

Multi-criteria decision theory, MCDM

Access to information

Power

Experts vs. Public

Main topic

JUSTICE

Morality

Responsibility

Beck: Organized irresposibility

Credibility

Authorities

Douglas: Blame

Snook: Diffusion of responsibility

Fallacy of social redundancy

Jonas: "Being" vs "Ought to be"

Formal responsibility

Substantive responsibility

Natural & contractual responsibility

Self-chosen responsibility

Bovens: responsibility as...

Cause

Accountability

Passive responsibility

Capacity

Task

Virtue

Active responsibility

Legislation

Accountability/Liability

Nation states

UN etc

NGOs

MNCs, Companies

Individuals

No one/everyone, "humanity"

Media

System/structure

Bovens: accountability as...

Corporate

Hierarchical

Collective

Individual

Sufficient?

Effective?