Prokaryote

contain N-Acetylmuramic acid and D-aminopimelic acid

peptidoglycan

porous

Gram Negative

Outer Membrane

mostly DAP found

complex

Gram Positive

single thick homogenous layer

Subtopic

have muramic acid

have D-amino acid

succeptible to lysozyme and penicillin

membrane (ester-linked lipid)

Gram Negative

Outer membrane

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

O-polysaccharides

Antigen

Pathogenic

Lipid A

Endotoxin

Essential for viability

Lipoproteins

Porins

Phospholipids

Periplasmic space

high concentration of degrading enzyme

have transport proteins

Gram Positive

thick peptidoglycan

teichoic acid

prevent degradation

wall teichoic acid (link to peptidoglycan)

lipoteichoic acid (link to plasma membrane)

Atypical cell wall

Mycoplasma

smallest bacteria

no cell wall

membrane contain sterol

Chlamydiaceae

2 membrane like Gram Negative

non-replicative elementary body (EB)

Thin Peptidoglycan

Ribosome

protein synthesis

70S ribosome

consist of protein n rRNA

Endospore

Subtopic

Plasma Membrane

function

selectively permeable

synthesis cell wall component

assist in DNA replication

captures energy

carries on respiration

Movement

active

energy dependent

active transport

substance move from low to high concentration by transport protein

Group Translocation

only in prokaryote

molecules are chemically modified during transport

Passive

simple diffusion

molecule from high concentration to low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion

help of carrier protein

Osmosis

water from high to low concentration

Cytoplasm

80% water

no cytoskeleton

liquid-cytosol

contain enzyme carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions and low molecular weight compound.

Nuclear Area

single long circular molecule of double stranded DNA

no histone

no nuclear envelope

Plasmid

small circular

double stranded DNA

replicate independently

do not contain gene for growth

not connected to banteria chromosome

carries 10-100 gene

contain gene for survival ability

Inclusion

reserve deposited

can serve as a basis of identification

types

Metachromic granules

volutin

source of food

Polysaccharide granules

storage of energy

glycogen and starch

Lipid inclusions

storage material polymer poly-betahydroxybutyric acid

Sulfur granules

energy reserve by oxidising sulfur

Carboxysomes

carbon fixation during photosynthesis

Magnetosomes

Iron Oxide act like magnet

protect cell against hydrogen peroxide accumulation

mobility

Gas Vesicles

hallow cylinders covered by proteins

for buoyancy for aquatic prokaryotes

Endospores

Dormant form

Highly resistance to harsh condition

contain essential macromolecules and a variety of substances absent from vegetativecells

Spore structure

Exosporium

outermost layer

delicate covering made by protein

Spore coats

layers of spore-specific protein

Cortex

loosely cross-linked protein

Core or spore protoplast

contains core wall,cytoplasmic membrane,cytoplasm,nucleoid and etc.

Dipicolinic acid

only in endospores

locate in core wall

Calcium-diplicolinic acid

protect DNA

reduce water ability

Intercalate DNA

prevent heat denaturation

small acid soluble proteins

protect DNA from UV radiation, dessication and dry heat.

source of energy during germination

coccus

coccobacillus

vibrio

bacillus

s layer

pseudopeptidoglycan

Gram negative

surface with protein or glycoprotein subunit

pseudomurein

Gram positive

1 or 2 layer of thick protein

glycoprotein outside plasma membrane

single thick homogenous layer but different chemistry with Gram positive bactertia

Resistance to lysosyme and penicillin

No D-amino acid

No muramic acid

membrane

lipid monolayers

ether-linked lipid

Glycocalyx

Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS)

firmly attach-capsule

loosely attach-Slime layer

function

protect from phygocytosis

attach to various surface

source of nutrient

protect cell against dehydration

Flagella

type

Coccus

Coccobacillus

Vibrio

Bacillus

Mobility

run or swim

thumble

swarm

Axial filament

Spirochete

bundle of fibril

spiral around the cell

at the end of cell beneath the outer sheath

fimbriae and pili

function

attachment

pillin

fimbrae

distributed over entire surface from a few to several 100

pili

longer than fimbrae

1 or 2 per cell for transfer DNA

conjugation