Organ System Concept Map
Wrap Up!

Respiratory System

Structural Plan

Leaves+ Alveoli with the microscopic sacs enclosed by networks of capillaries

Lower Respiratory tract

Trachea, Bronchial tree, and lungs

Trachea (windpipe)
Structure
Tube about 11cm (4.5) inches long

Extends from the larynx into the thoracic cavity

C-shape rings of cartilage hold trachea open

Function

Passageway for air to move to and from lungs

Obstruction

Blockage of trachea occludes the airway and if blockage complete causes death in minutes

Tracheostomy- emergency surgery done to bring airflow back into the respiratory system.

Bronchi, Brolchioles, and Alveoli
Structure

Trachea branaches into right and left bronchi

Each Bronchus branches into bronchioles

Bronchioles end in clusters of microscopic albeolar sacs

Wakks of these sacs are made up of alveoli



Function:

Bronchi and bronchioles- air distribution

Alveoloi- exhcnage of gases between air and blood

Exchanges of gas in lungs
CO2 from blood into alveoli and out of the body
O2 from air into the alveoli then into blood



Exchange of gases in tissues

02 from blood into the tissue

CO2 from tissue into blood

The cellular level the gas is going straight to the blood that’s passing by from the alveoli straight to the blood that’s passing by from the alveoli across to the capillary with blood inside and so they’re just showering in the direction of gas floor from the red blood cells and so on.

Think of the respiratory system asa n inverted hollowed out tree

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nose, pharynx, and larynx

Nose
Structure
Nasal Septum

Mucous membrane lines the nose

Sinuses drain into nose

Functions
Wamrs and mositents inhaled air
Contains sense organs of smell

Larynx
Structure
Framework of several pieces of cartilage

Thyroid Cartilage

Lungs
Structure:

Fills chest cavity (with heart and blood vessels



Apex- narrow upper part of each lung under collarbone

Base- Broad lower part of each lung rests on diaphragm

Pleura- moist smooth slippery membranes that line chest cavity and cover outer surface of lungs

Reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing

Friction

Breathing (Pulmonary ventilation

Types of Breathing
Eupnea- normal breathing
Hyperventilation- rapid and deep respirations/ caused by physical and emotional stimuli (Stroke, Anxiety, etc.).

More CO22 will be removed from the blood stream than the body can produce

Hypoventilation- slow and shallow respirations

Inadequate gas exchange causes increased concentrations of CO2

Many causes stroke holding breath opiate drugs etc.

Dyspnea- labored or difficult respirations

Apnea- stopped respirations

Respiratory Arrest- Failure or resume breathing after a period of apnea.

Respiratory Mucosa

Specialized membrane that lines the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree
125 m; of mucous produced each day
Forms a mucus blanket

Traps inspired irritants

Cilia beat in only one direction

Moves mucus upward to pharaynx for removal

Pharaynx (Throat)
Structure
About 12.5com 5 inches long

Two nasal cavities, mouth, esophaguse, larynx, and autidotry tubes all have openings into the pharaynx

Mucus membrane lines the pharaynx

Functions:
Passageway for food and liquids
Air distrubtion passageway for air

Epiglottis

Mucous lining

Vocal cords stretch across interior of the larynx

Functions

Air distribution, Voices Production

Respiration
Mechanics of breathing
Two phases

Inhalation

Expiration

Changes in size and shape of thorax cause changes in air pressure within that cavity in the lungs
Air pressure differences actually cause air to move into and out of the lungs

Inspiration-

Active process- air moves into the lungs

Muscles are required

Diaphragm flattens during inspiration—increases top-to-bottom length of thorax

External intercostals contraction expands the ribs

Increases in the size of the chest cavity reduces pressure within it air then enters the lungs

Expiration
A passive process

Thorax returns to its resting size/shape

In forceful expiration, muscles used are:

Internal intercostals-contraction depresses the rib cage

Abdominal muscles elevate the diaphragm

Reduction in the size of the thoracic cavity increases its pressure and air leaves the lungs

Simialrites and Correlations

Both Organ systems produce movement throughout the body.

During inhalation the muscles in the respiratory system open up and extend along with tension on the surface to allow maximum surface area to bring in the most air.

During Exhalation the lungs sink like when a balloon runs out of air.

The respiratory system and the muscular system are both voluntary and involuntary as you can hold your breath and exhale your breath and your body keeps your body breathing. Along with the muscles that work voluntarily and involuntarily. The muscle movements allow there to be breathibg mechanisms Involving with the diaphgram and the intercostals

The Respiratory System and The Muscular system work hand in hand in helping carbon mateirals such as carbon dixodie and other fluids move throughout the body like the digestive system moves food around using peristalsis the body uses it to move the air and msucular systems throughout the body

The respiratory systm is needed for the muscular system to function because the muscles of the skeletal system need the lungs and the respriatory system to give the tissue nutrients to move.

The esophagus shares skeletal muscle tissue to protect the lungs and the trachea from getting injured due to pollutants and irritants.

For muscles to function they need to recieve oxygen from the respiratory system. As working muscles produce gaseous wastes which are carried by the blood back to the respiratory system were they are carried out of the body

Musclar System

50% of the body's weight is made up of muscle

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Location: only found in one place of the body the heart just like the lungs are only found in the respiratory system.

Cardiac
Function: produce movement of the heart pump just like how the oxygen from the respiratory system pumps oxygen throughout the body.

Functions- serves as a pump to propel blood through vessels to all body tisue

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Location: Found in the walls of hollow organs (Tubes) They are often found in the stomach and hollow spaces throughout the body.

Function: Peristalisis to move materials throughout the body, and they move in wavelength movements through the body.

Characteristics- No Striations
Striated
Elongated Fibers
unnucleated
Involuntary

Smooth muscle function: it’s to move materials through the body.

Characteristics-
Striated
Unnueleated
Involuntary
Never Fatigues
Intercalated discs whcih are speical gap junctions between fibers

The muscles in our body are made up of water and proteins. Just like the nutrients that are in the bloodstream.

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue- is the only body tissue able to contract or shorten. The largest Muscle in the body is the gleutus maximus. Muscular tissue goes through the whole body like how there are veins running through the body.

Skeletal Muscle organization

You have individual muscle cells and fibers called the Perimysium. This is like the individual hair roots that are on the head

The bunches of muscle cells and fibers that are wrapped in branches are called the Fasicles. This includes many bundles of wire put together called fasicles

The bunches of individual muscle fibers are wrapped in Perinysium. The fasicles are inside this strong protective connective tissue. That is made of steel like strong protective covering.

The Final Protective Layer that goes around the whole muscular Fiber is the epimysium it wraps around the whole connective tissue fibers that are bunched together.

Skeletal also:
Maintains posture
Stabilizes joints

Generates heat – when you contract your skeletal muscles when you d been outside I. The cold and jog in place it warms you up and when you exercise you get warmer and you settle and it is the contraction of all of the muscles and regulates body temp

A byproduct of as a result of contraction

Mainstrains body temp

Ex: shivering, exercising

The Fasicles are wrapped in a thin connective tissue called an endoymysium along with each indivudal are wrapped in endyomysium

Each muscle fiber could be a piece of spaghetti uncooked spaghetti and then when you put all those prices of spaghetti together into a fascial the box or plastic you know thing that you put all those sticks of spaghetti in could be the perimysium. Which stops each fascicle and then if you have a box that contains many boxes of spaghetti that the outer box could be the epimysium

skeletal muscles Function: to move the skeletal system and bones and joints.

The epimysium is thicker, and it covers then entire muscle. A bunch of fascicles and wraps it around and then it becomes continuous it’s a continuous membrane or tissue that becomes a tendon which is a really tough connective tissue so it’s continuous with this structure, so it becomes a tendon which connects the muscle to the bone and um the other

Location: Cover the skeletal framework just like the skin covers the skeletal.

Function: Movment of the Skeleton, which is when the body is in motion.

The tissues are striated and are long fibers that create tendons and are voluntary movemnts such as when you are walking and when you are exercising it can cause tiredness with the muscles.

Characteristics-
striated
elongated fibers
multinucleated
voluntary
can fatigue

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