Severn River Bridge, Abraham Darby III Coalbrookdale, England 1779

1709 Abraham Darby I

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Established an effective coke-fired blast furnace to produce cast iron instead of using charcoal. Cheaper iron, its result, contributed to the explosion of the Industrial Revolution.Coke would later be used by the railways in England to reduce emissions from their engines.

1726 University of Edinburgh

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a leading medical and science school is established

1766 Henry Cavendish discovers Hydrogen

1774 Joseph Priestly discovers Oxygen

Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry) by Antoine Lavoisier 1789

Joseph Priestly disagrees with Lavoissier's treatise

1749 Ben Franklin

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using a Leyden box, demonstrates that lightening is electricty

1729, Stephen Gray

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showed that electricity could move between metal filaments

1745 the "Leyden" box is used to store electricity

1765 Lunar Society begins to meet

1768 An experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump.

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This painting by Joseph Wright is an example of romanticized science.

Carolus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae published in 1767

1632, Galileo Galilei

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Galileo publishes his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems published in 1632, puting forth the earth is not the center of the universe.Later, in 1638, Galileo would publish his last book Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences (Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze) against the will of the church. This work would explore the strength of materials and the motion of objects, two

July 5, 1687 Isaac Newton

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Isaac Newton publishes his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica

circa 384 CE Aristotle is born.

The Scholastics (during the middle ages) revive Aristotelian principles of an orderly world

circa 569 CE Pythagoras born. His idea that the world reflects the mind of god becomes a foundational principle of Newton.

1726 Immanuel Kant is born

1764 Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime

1781 Critique of Pure Reason

Voltaire is born

1733 Letters Concerning the English Nation

1738 Elements de la Philosophie de Newton

1763 Traite sur la tolerance

1750 Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences

Rosseau is born

1762 The Social Contract

1751 Diderot's first volume of the Encyclopedie is published

The Declaration of Independence and the beginning of the American Revolution 1776

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations published in 1776

1789 French Revolution

1603, Sir Henry Platt

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Platt indicates the possible use of coke by suggesting that coal could be treated like charcoal.

1642,Platt's idea tested

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Derbyshire malt kiln utilizes coke.

1622 Edward, Lord Dudly

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Acquires patent on his son'e coke smelting from King James, though they would largely fail to produce iron at significant levels.

1618, Dud Dudley

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Dud Dudly begins to experiment with coke as fuel for his furnaces rather than charcoal.