THE SOUND PATTERS
AND LANGUAGE

PHONEME

Smallest Unit

Speech

Distinguishes

Word

Word element

More than one variant

It works

A single sound

Slight difference

Given context

It does not matter

English

Based

Spoken language

Registers

Special symbols

Restrict

Vowel

Consonants

Relevant phonological differents

Tone

Accentuation

Rhythm

Examples:

Phoneme (Sound): /b/

Graphemes: b, bb

ball, blubber

Phoneme (Sound): /d/

Graphemes: d, dd, ed

dog, ladder, pulled

Phoneme (Sound): /f/

Graphemes: f, ph

fish, phone

Phoneme (Sound): /g/

Graphemes: g, gg

go, egg

Phoneme (Sound): /j/

Graphemes: j, g, ge, dge

j, gel, cage, edge

REFERENCE OF EXAMPLES:
SoftSchools. (n/d). Phonemes Examples. SoffSchools. Recovered from: https://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/phonemes_examples/643/

MINIMAL PAIRS

Couple of words

Differ in a phoneme

Used

Show two sounds

Contrast a languague

Tools

Stablish

Two or more sounds

They can be contrasted

Sound difference

Difference in meaning

Shape

Easy and clear

Identify sounds

Language

Examples:

Word 1:
Pin

Word 2:
Bin

IPA 1:
/pɪn/

IPA 2:
/bɪn/

Note: Initial consonant

Word 1:
Rot

Word 2:
Lot

IPA 1:
/rɒt/

IPA 2:
/lɒt/

Note: Initial consonant

Word 1:
Seal

Word 2:
Zeal

IPA 1:
/siːl/

IPA 2:
/ziːl/

Note: Initial consonant

Word 1:
Pen

Word 2:
Pan

IPA 1:
/pɛn/

IPA 2:
/pæn/

Note: Vowel

Word 1:
Bin

Word 2:
Bean

IPA 1:
/bɪn/

IPA 2:
/biːn/

Note: Vowel

REFERENCE OF EXAMPLES:
Wikipedia. (2017). Minimal Pair. Wikipedia. Recovered from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_pair

Bibliography References:

Encyclopaedia Britannica. (s/d). Phoneme Linguistics. Britannica. Recovered from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/phoneme

Mannell R. (2008). Phoneme and Allphone. Macquarie University. Recovered from: https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/faculties-and-departments/medicine-and-health-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/phonetics-and-phonology/phoneme-and-allophone#:~:text=Allophones,phonetic%20environment%20of%20the%20phoneme.

ThoughtCo. (s/d). Phoneme vs. Minimal Pair in English. ThoughtCo. Recovered from: https://www.thoughtco.com/minimal-pair-phonetics-1691392

Minggu. (2014). The pronunciation of Morphemes. Blog. Recovered from: http://be-teacher.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-pronunciation-of-morphemes.html

ALLOPHONE

AND THE PRONUNCIATION OF MORPHEMES

PHONE

Real sound part

It can be heard

Market in brackets "[]"

PRONUNCIATION

Various pronunciations

Different phonetic forms

Differents contexts

Vowel rules

Very complicated

Phonetic shaps

Determined

Regular phonological rules

Phonetic contex

Example:

Plural

/b/ Tub

/s/ Map

/n/ Ton

/r/ Bear

/v/ Love