Universal Ancestor
-DNA as genetic storage
-ester bonds in cell membranes

Escherichia coli

Archaea
-ether bonds in cell membranes

Methanobrevibacter smithii

Eukarya
-presence of membrane-bound nucleus
-presence of membrane-bound organelles

Archaeplastida
-primary plastid

Rhodophytes

Common Ancestor of Chlorophytes, Charophytes, and Land Plants

Chlorophytes

Southern Magnolia
(Magnolia grandiflora)

Excavata
-feeding groove
-secondary plastid

Euglenoids

SAR Clade

Common Ancestor of Stramenopila and Alveolata
-secondary plastids

Stramenopila
-tripartite flagellar hair

Giant Kelp
(Macrocystis pyrifera)

Diatoms

Alveolata
-membranous vesicles on cell membrane

Dinoflagellate

Rhizaria
-filose pseudopodia

Radiolarians

Foraminiferas

Unikonta

Floating topic

Opisthokanta
-single posterior flagellum on swimming cells

American Black Bear
(Ursus americanus)

Black Bread Mold
(Rhizopus stolonifer)

Fly Agaric
(Amanita muscaria)