によって Carlos Camayo Velasco 2年前.
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the theory that is used to interpret new experimental findings. No specific physical theory or law that has ever existed is immune to changes resulting from new experimental evidence or theoretical considerations. In addition, the validity of all theory and of all physical law is restricted to phenomena that occur in a certain range of spatial magnitudes, in a certain characteristic time, in some range of temperatures and energies of the interaction.
the proton manifests as a conglomerate of constituent particles, each of which carries its fractional electric charge, weak charge, and strong (colored) charge. includes the electron), quarks and quanta of ground interactions (the photon, gluons, W±, Z0), see, p. [25]. Suppose an attempt is made to use the proton as a reference for some unit of measurement, e.g. the unit of mass or electric charge.
Elementary particles are not only less complex than atoms and molecules, but they are also much less vulnerable to external influences, because much higher energies are required to affect their properties.
(1) in general, mass is the element of the spacetime metric, so that mass and gravity are associated with global properties of spacetime, while charges are essentially local notions. (2) mass changes continuously in the special relativistic realm, while electric charge (and other charges) are velocity-independent, since they are Lorentz invariants. (3) mass is the element of covariant and contravariant quantities (eg, energy-momentum vector, energy-stress tensor) that transform very differently from charges, which are true scalars. (4) the gravitational interaction can be quantized (for now), while the electric charge, the weak charge and the strong charge are intrinsically quantized entities and their interactions have quantum nature.
Temperature characterizes the average thermal energy of particles in a certain set of particles in the state of thermodynamic equilibrium. Therefore, in principle, this quantity could be expressed in terms of the unit of energy, kg m2s−2; this is practiced in many fields of physics, especially statistical physics, where it is quite common to use Θ = kBT (see, for example, sect. 5.3, p. 99 in [34]) or β = 1/kBT (see e.g. Second, temperature deserves its “proper” unit because it is one of the most important and most frequently measured variables (or parameters, depending on the situation [34, 35]) as a measure of thermal energy, rather than thermal energy. temperature T measured in kelvins.
5. The system of units where all base units are defined exclusively in terms of physical constants ubtopic
A) correspond to all fundamental notions of physics (i.e., and indefinable, such as time, length, mass, and‡ Currently, the most accurate measurements of the current use of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect, rather than the defining realization of the ampere. Evolution of the International Metric System of Units SI 1003quantified charges), in terms of which all other observable quantities can be expressed, at least in principle; pic
B) they can be defined exclusively in terms of fundamental physical constants, i.e. c, h, G and coupling constants of quantified interactions
C) Physical quantities can be expressed in terms of time, length, mass and charges, their numerical values can, in principle, be expressed exclusively in terms of fundamental base units (the second, the meter, the kilogram and the units of quantified charges), although other units can be entered for the convenience of users.
D) the number of fundamental basic units cannot be reduced without compromising the uniqueness of their physical meaning
