によって Katherine Cochran 8年前.
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Flushing, seborrhea, oily skin, changes in texture
Urinary incontinence or retention, due to ANS regulating smooth muscle activity, and constipation due to slow motility of GI tract and/or poor nutrition and fluid intake.
Loss of sympathetic innervation in the heart and blood vessel response
Stage 4
Stage 5
DEATH
Complete ADL Dependence
Rigidity
Akinesia
Increased Gait Disturbances
Short, hesitant, or propulsive gait with inability to stop quickly. Sensation of being frozen or glued to floor.
Postural Instability
Stooped
With wide, fixed, staring eyes
Facial Rigidity
Changes in Speech Patterns
Dysarthria, echololia, hypophonia
Uncontrollable Drooling
Chewing/Swallowing Impairment
Aspiration
Pneumonia
Choking
Inadequate Nutrition
Bradykinesia
Tremors at rest
Fatigue, difficulty getting out of bed
Ignatavicius, D. D., & Workman, M. L. (2010). Medical-surgical nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care (7th ed.). 941-946. St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier.
Clinical Findings based on symptoms after ruling out other neurological diseases
Substantia Nigra produces dopamine and trasmits it to the basal ganglia.
Dopamine/Acetylcholine Imbalance
ACh is produced by the basal ganglia and is responsible for transmitting excitatory neurons. Dopamine inhibits these, making voluntary motor refinement possible.
Inability to Refine Voluntary Movement
Cognitive Changes
Memory Deficits
Delayed Reaction Time
Dementia