によって Monika Urbanczyk 2年前.
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mainly:
Europe
East Asia
East North America
The trees have typically large broad leaves, such as oak, beech and elm. These form the canopy layer. As some light can get through, the vegetation is layered. The sub-canopy layer grows in spaces between the taller trees, where there is more water when it rains and more light. Beneath the sub-canopy trees is a shrub layer. The shrub layer contains species like hazel, ash and holly. Grass, bracken or bluebells can be found in the ground layer.
Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
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Rakiura Island (Stewart) just south of the South Island of New Zealand supports one of the most southern temperate rainforests in the world.
1. Forest-tundra
2. Dwarf tundra
3. Moss-lichen tundra
4. Arctic tundra
https://www.mindomo.com/mindmap/9d561b3a0eca4e95b62762fdc4f666df
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_krzewinkowa
Usnea articulata
Graphina pauciloculata
Cladonia Coccifera
Lecanora tartae
Lecanora parella
Parmelia saxatilis
Parmelia omphalodes
Caloplaca luteoalba
Pertusaria melanochlora
Schismatomma graphidioides
Teloschistes flavicans
Schistostega
Sphagnum cuspidatum
Acrobolbus wilsonii
Isothecium myosuroides
Eriophorum vaginatum
Vaccinium myrtillus
Rubus fruticosus
Prunus spinosa
Calluna vulgaris
Clematis vitalba
Crataegus monogyna
Sorbus aucuparia L
Euonymous europaeus
Quercus petraea
Betula pendula
Populus tremula
Ulmus minor
Taxus baccata
Bacidia rosella, Thelopsis rubella, Pachyphiale carneola, Lecanora glabrata, Pyrenula nitida, Opegrapha ochrocheila
Sanicula europaea, Anemone hepatica, Actaea spicata, Adoxa moschatellina
Brachypodium pinnatum
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
European oak (Quercus robur)
Norway spruce (Picea abies)
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)
Silver Birch Betula pendula
European beech (Fagus sylvatica)
Aspen (Populus tremula)
Ash (Fraxinus ornus)
Pittosporum heterophyllum
Podocarpus neriifolius
Machilus thunbergii
Neolitsea sericea
Cinnamomum camphora
Cycas rumphii
Cycas revoluta
Castanopsis sieboldii
Białowieża Forest: Forest stands comprise mainly : Norway spruce - 26%, Scots pine - 24%, black alder - 17%, pedunculate oak- 12%, and birch : betula pendula, betula pubescens - 11%. Ash, Small-leaved lime, Norway maple, Poplar, Aspen, and elms constitute additives in the species composition of forest stands, though locally they can be the predominant tree types.
http://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/bialowieza-forest/
https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/33ter.pdf
Slime molds
śluzowce
Lobaria pulmonaria
Sphagnum
Torfowce
Paludella squarrosa
Polytrichum commune
Pleurozium schreberi
Leucobryum glaucum
Hylocomium splendens
Funaria hygrometrica
Ptilidium pulcherrimum
stag's-horn clubmoss, running clubmoss, or ground pine / widłak goździsty
OTHER PLANTS
Neottia nidus-avis
Mercurialis perennis
Phyteuma spicatum
Euphorbia dulcis
Euphorbia amygdaloides
Aegopodium podagraria
Lathyrus laevigatus
/ groszek wschodnio-karpacki
Aruncus dioicus
Goatsbeard / Parzydło leśne
Festuca heterophylla
Kostrzewa różnolistna
The face of the forest in the Białowieża Primeval Forest is mainly determined by: hornbeam (grab) and linden (lipa), maple (klon) and oak (dąb), in wetter habitats alder (olsza) and ash (jesion), and of conifers - spruce (świerk); pine (sosna). More than half of the area of the Polish part of the Białowieża Primeval Forest is covered by oak-hornbeam (English oak) forests with linden (lipa) and maple trees (koln), the so-called hornbeam forests, growing on the most fertile soils in slightly undulating terrain. In these forests, trees grow to the largest size. Large areas in the Forest are occupied by mixed forests, i.e. fresh ones, with a stand consisting of pine (sosna), oak (dąb) and spruce (świerk). They are usually adjacent to oak-hornbeam forests, but occupy higher positions on cryogenic soils. Much rarer than this type of boron is the mixed low, oak-spruce coniferous forest growing on shallow field troughs on gliobelosis-type soils. In deep peat deposits, we occasionally meet the so-called spruce with numerous species, the so-called mountainous and boreal-mountainous. Its sites in the Białowieża Primeval Forest are the southernmost outposts of this northern type of forest community. Pine forests on mineral soils hide numerous plants of a continental nature, including pasque-flower, lupine clover, and genera. On raised bogs, we can find pine swamp forests with bog blueberries and a swamp.
ols
Pinus sylvestris
Scots pine / sosna zwyczajna
Betula pubescens
Downy birch / Brzoza omszona
Alnus glutinosa
Black alder / Olsza czarna
poor sands
loam
peat soils
Autogenic soils
Semi-hydrogenic soils
Hydrogenic soils
Alluvial soils
Antropogenic soils
PRIMEVAL FOREST
SUMER LOOK
1st PASS HERO
Carpinion betuli
https://atlas-roslin.pl/zbiorowiska/Galio-Carpinetum_betuli_typicum.htm
http://www.encyklopedia.lasypolskie.pl/doku.php?id=l:lasy-gradowe
spring
April - May: Ranunculus auricomus/jaskier
late April - early June: Stellaria holostea
April - June: Galium odoratum
late May -early June: Lonicera xylosteum
June - July: Aegopodium podagraria
April - June: Asperula odorata
LICHES
FLOWERS
SHURBS
Liquidambar styraciflua
Liriodendron
Ulmus americana
Carpinus caroliniana
Sassafras
Cornus
Dogwood
GROUND
PALEARTIC
The stand consists of English oak, small-leaved lime, ash, elm, maple, black alder, in the south-west. beech parts; the conifers are dominated by pine and spruce, in the E. parts also Siberian fir.
Mixed forests, depending on the type of habitat they occupy, can be divided into:
mixed marsh forests - near water bodies; the stand consists of mossy birch, spruce, pine and black alder; undergrowth with buckthorn, stalk, juniper and rowan; undergrowth with sphagnum, blueberry, sedge, herbaceous plants and ferns;
fresh mixed forests - moderately fertile and fairly humid areas; the stand consists of sessile oak and pine; undergrowth with rowan, buckthorn, bumble bee and hazel;
mixed wet forests - moderately fertile and humid areas; the stand consists of pine, English oak, spruce or fir; in the undergrowth, buckthorn, hazel, rowan and bird cherry; fleece composed of moisture-loving species.
http://www.encyklopedia.lasypolskie.pl/doku.php?id=l:lasy-gradowe
Subtopic
FUNGI
Laetiporus sulphureus
Żółciak siarkowy
Mycena galopus
Grzybówka mleczajowa
Fomitopsis pinicola
Lucoperdon pyriforme
purchawka gruszkowata
Grifola
Żagwica listkowata
Grifola fondosa
Hericium
Soplówka
Calocera viscosa
Pięknoróg lepki
Boreostereum radiatum
ciemnoskórnik północny
Pholiota
LICHENS
Rhizocarpon geographicum
Wzorzec geograficzny
Pseudevernia furfuracea
Xanthoria parietina
Złotorost ścienny
Xanthoria elegans
Cladonia fimbriata
MOSSES
Pohlia nutans
Polytrichastrum formosum
Plagiothecium Curvifolium
Mnium hornum
Dicranella heteromalla
Bra-chytheciastrum velutinum
Atrichum undulatum
FLOWERING PLANTS
PLANTS
Genus Drosera
Lycopodium
Huperzia selago
Diphasiastrum × issleri
Lycopodiella inundata
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium clavatum
Hedera helix
Common ivy / Bluszcz pospolity
Pteridium aquilinum
Polypodium vulgare
Matteuccia struthiopteris
Equisetum telmateia
Great horsetail
Paris quadrifolia
Hordelymus europaeus
Athyrium filix-femina
Asarum europaeum
Dryopteris filix-mas
GRASS
else
Deschampsia flexuosa
Hierochloe odorata
Hierochloe odorata or Anthoxanthum nitens / Turówka wonna
Glyceria nemoralis
Glyceria nemoralis is a species of grass belonging to the family
Poaceae . Its native range is Eastern Central and Eastern Europe to
Caucasus / Manna gajowa
Cyperaceae
Melica nutans
Carex pilosa
Poa nemoralis
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Milium effusum
Carex sylvatica
Carex umbrosa
turzyca cienista
Carex digitata
SHRUBS
hail
Corus
Prunus padus
bird cherry, hackberry, hagberry, or Mayday tre
Viburnum
Ribes nigrum
Sorbus aucuparia
Rowan / jarzębina
Lonicera xylosteum
It blooms in late May and early June
Frangula alnus
Ribes alpinum
porzeczka alpejska
saplings of linden, hornbeam, maple and oaks
Sorbus torminalis
wild service tree, chequers, checker tree/Jarząb brekinia
Acer campestre
and/ or Acer platanoides
Cornus sanguinea
Euonymus verrucosus
also E. europaeus
It blooms in May and June
The fruits ripen in the second half of August and fall off at different times.
Corylus avellana
Common hazel
TREES
Carpinion betul / haili
BROADLEAF TREES
Fraxinus excelsior
ash /Jesion wyniosły
Picea abies
Norway spruce or European spruce / świerk pospolity
Acer platanoides
Norway maple /possibile Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides and A. campestre
Klon zwyczajny, klon pospolity
Fagus sylvatica -Beech
Ulmus leavis
European white elm/ wiąz szypułkowy
Quercus robur
Quercus robur, commonly known as common oak, pedunculate oak, European oak or English oak
Dąb szypułkowy
English oak (Quercus robur)
Tilia cordata
the small-leaved lime-linden / Lipa drobnolistna
Carpinus betulus
hornbeam / grab
AUSTRALASIA
INDO-MALAYAN
PALEARCTIC
NEOTROPIC
NEARCTIC
