Biological Macromolecules

Proteins

Amino Acids

Primary Structure

Chain of amino acids

Secondary Structure

Beta pleated sheet

Alpha helix

Tertiary Structure

3D folding because of side chain interactions

Quartenary Structure

More than one amino acid chain

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Disaccharides

Lactose

Oligosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Starches

Amylose

Amylopectin

Chitin

Cellulose

Lipids

Non-Glycerol Based Lipids

Steroids

Common Steroid Hormones

Estradiol

Testosterone

Progesterone

Steroids in reproductive processes

Estrogen

Androgens

Progestagens

Waxes

Glycerol Based Lipids

Simple

Fats

Oils

Compound

Glycolipids

Phospholipids

Fats

Unsaturated

trans-unsaturated

cis-unsaturated

Saturated

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

Phosphate group

Nucleosides

Nitrogenous base

Purines

Adenine

Guanine

Pyrimidines

Cytosine

Uracil

Thymine

Pentose sugar

Ribose

RNA

transferRNA

translates codons

Clover shaped

Amino acids at 3' end

anticodon

Translation

Ribosomes

ribosomalRNA

3 Active Sites

E site

exit site

P site

growing polypeptide

A site

holds amino acid

2 subunits

Small subunit

mRNA binding site

Large subunit

Steps

Initiation

Starts at start codon

AUG

Elongation

Movements of tRNA from A site to P site

Polypeptide chain rows

Termination

Stop codon reached

Transcription

messengerRNA

pre-mRNA

Eukaryotes

5' cap

modified guanine

increases stability

allows translation

Poly-A-tail

3' end

Introns

Spliced out

snRNPSs

Exons

Expressed

Prokaryotes

starts at Promoter

ends at Stop Codon

performed by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (III)

reads 3' to 5'

synthesizes 5' to 3'

Position on DNA

Downstream

Upstream

Deoxiribose

DNA